Monday, June 30, 2008

प्रकृतिको संरक्षण कसका लागि? केका लागि?

प्रकृतिको संरक्षण कसका लागि? वातावरणको रक्षा कुन मूल्यमा? बाघ–भालु र गैंडाजस्ता चित्ताकर्षक जन्तुका लागि मात्र कि जैविक विविधताको संरक्षणका लागि? वा वातावरणवादीहरूको गफका खुराकका लागि? गरिबको पेटमा लात हानेर पूर्वीया र पश्चिमा धनीहरूको आनन्दका लागि?
सायद भावी पुस्ताका लागि भन्ने होला वा हामी गरिबहरूका लागि वा जैविक विविधताको संरक्षणसँगै दिगो उपयोग गरेर हामी गरिबहरूको आर्थिक र सामाजिक विकासका लागि भन्ने होला? आफ्नो झन्डै १८ प्रतिशत जग्गा–जमिन संरक्षण क्षेत्रमा लगानी गर्ने र हजारौं एकड जमिनमा सामुदायिक वन फैलाउने हाम्रा लागि यी प्रश्नहरूको जवाफ खोज्ने बेला आइसकेको छ।
साँच्चै कसका लागि र केका लागि हो यो संरक्षण कार्य? पश्चिमी मुलुकको प्रयोग भूमिको रुपमा विकसित गर्न त पक्कै होइन होला यो संरक्षण। पक्कै पनि होइनौं होला हामी उनीहरूको प्रयोगशालाको गिनी पिग। यो त पक्कै पनि हाम्रै लागि र हाम्रै विकासका लागि हो। तर त्यसो भएको छैन। हाम्रा निर्णयकर्ताहरू पश्चिमाहरूले डोर्‍याएको बाटोमा मात्र हिंडिरहेका छन्। उनीहरू गैंडा, बाघजस्ता पश्चिमाहरूका लागि आकर्षक मानिने वन्यजन्तु संरक्षणमा मात्र लागेका छन् र हाम्रा आफ्ना महत्त्वको जीवजन्तु र वनस्पतिलाई बिर्सिएका छन् हाम्रा निर्णयकर्ताहरूले। नत्र भए लोप हुने स्थितिमा पुगेका नौमुठे गाई, बामपुड्के सुँगुर, लामपुच्छ्रे भेडाजस्ता जीवजन्तु र तिन्ना ओइरी सीतालगायतका वनधानजस्ता अनेकन वनस्पतिको संरक्षणका कुरा पनि सुनिनुपर्ने हो हाम्रा संरक्षण नीति–निमार्ताका मुखबाट।
तर त्यसो भएको छैन। भैगो। संरक्षणको प्राथमिकतामा हाम्रो बोली बिक्दैन भने कम्तीमा हाम्रा लागि संरक्षणको काम थाल्दा हुन्थ्यो। काठमाडौंमा बस्ने विज्ञहरूले एक मुठी अन्नका लागि हामीमध्ये कयौंले गर्ने संघर्षलाई बुझिदिनुपर्ने हो, साँझ–बिहान चुल्हो बाल्ने काममा अवरोध खडा नगरिदिनुपर्ने हो। तर त्यसो पनि हुँदैन। यी सब क्रियाकलाप हाम्रै लागि सञ्चालन हुनुपर्ने हो हाम्रै निर्णयका आधारमा हाम्रै लागि संरक्षणका काम हुनुपर्ने हो सायद भएका छैनन्। हाम्रा नाममा सञ्चालन हुने ठूला–साना सबैखाले संरक्षण र विकासका काममा अन्तिम निर्णयकर्ता त हामी नै हुनुपर्छ तर, हामी भएका छैनौं।
कहींकतै हाम्रो सरोकार राख्न गोष्ठी आदि आयोजना भए भने पनि तिनमा हाम्रो आवाज कहाँ सुनिन्छ र? तिनमा त हामीले पो सुन्नु पर्दो रहेछ बकम्फुसे विशेषज्ञका बकम्फुसे गफहरू। हाम्रा दैलाअगाडि सञ्चालन हुने कामको फाइदा/बेफाइदामा उनीहरूले हाम्रो आवाज नै नसुनी हाम्रा लागि निर्णय गरिदिन्छन् र त्यसैअनुरुप प्रतिवेदन तयार पारिदिन्छन्। केवल औपचारिकतामा सीमित हुने जनसरोकार गोष्ठीका आधारमा तयार भएका प्रतिवेदनबाटै निर्णय गर्छन् दाताहरू। के तिनले हाम्रो हित गर्छन् त? के यही हो त न्याय? पक्कै होइन–न हामी गिनी पिग हौं न उनीहरूको प्रयोगशाला। हामी आफ्ना हकमा निर्णय गर्न सक्षम छौं। हामी संरक्षण वा विकासका मोडलका लागि एक पछि अर्को प्रयोग थोपरिएको सहन सक्दैनौं। हामीलाई आत्मनिर्णयको अधिकार चाहिएको छ, हो हामीलाई चाहिएको छ वातावरणीय न्याय केवल एउटा विकासे शब्दका रुपमा होइन व्यवहारमा चाहिएको छ–वातावरणीय न्याय।
राजेश घिमिरे
वैशाख २०६०, हाकाहाकी

दिगो विकास विश्व सम्मेलन २००२

सन् २००२ को अगस्त २६ देखि सेप्टेम्बर ४ सम्म दक्षिण अफ्रिकाको जोहानेसवर्गमा दिगो विकास विश्व सम्मेलन आयोजना गरियो। उक्त सम्मेलनले दिगो विकासको पक्षमा निर्णय गर्‍यो कि विपक्षमा भन्ने विवाद यथावत् नै छ। वास्तविकता के हो त?
सम्मेलनका लागि सम्मेलन
संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको व्यवहारका कारण विश्वभरिका नागरिक समाजले दिगो विकासका लागि विश्व सम्मेलन २००२ ले चमत्कार गर्ने आशा गरेका थिएनन्। तर त्यसको प्रचारबाजीका क्रममा गरिएको धेरै ठूलो हल्लाले गर्दा त्यस सम्मेलनबाट केही न केही भने आउला भन्ने आशा धेरैले गरेका थिए।
ब्राजिलको रियोमा सन् १९९२ मा सम्पन्न पृथ्वी सम्मेलनपछिका गतिविधिहरूलाई नियालेर हेर्नेहरूले भने उत्तरका धनी मुलुकहरूले त्यहाँ देखाएको प्रतिबद्धतालाई व्यवहारमा निकै थोरैमात्र अवलम्बन गरेकाले यो सम्मेलन केवल सम्मेलनका लागि सम्मेलनमात्र हुने विश्वास लिएका थिए।
जे होस् सन् २००२ को अगस्त २६ देखि सेप्टेम्बर ४ सम्म दक्षिण अफ्रिकाको जोहानेसवर्गमा विश्वभरिका झन्डै २१ हजार मानिस जम्मा भए र दिगो विकासका बारेमा बहस गरे। यो दिगो विकासको महाकुम्भलाई संसारभरि फैलाए तिनै २१ हजार मानिसमध्येका ४ हजार पत्रकारहरूले।
यो सम्मेलनका उपलब्धिभन्दा असफलताका चर्चा बढी भएका छन्। फ्रेन्ड्स अफ अर्थ (पृथ्वीका साथी) नामक गैरसरकारी संस्थाका अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय अध्यक्ष रिकार्डो नाभारोको शब्दमा त "हामीले यति लज्जास्पद सम्मेलन कहिल्यै भोग्न नपरोस्। विश्वका नेताहरूले आफ्ना सम्पूर्ण दायित्व विश्व व्यापार संगठन र अन्य ठूला व्यापारिक प्रतिष्ठानको जिम्मा लगाइदिएकोमा हामी दुखिद् छौं, उनीले गरिबहरूका लागि केही गरेनन्।"
नाभारो भन्नुहुन्छ, "हामीलाई धोका भयो। विश्वका राजनेताहरूले व्यापारीको जस्तो व्यवहार गरे।" विश्व वन्यजन्तु कोषले यो सम्मेलनलाई "लज्जास्पद सौदाबाजीको विश्व सम्मेलन"को नामाकरण गर्‍यो।
भेनेजुएलाका राष्ट्रपति तथा जीय्–७७ का नेता हुगा चाभेजको भनाइमा राष्ट्रसंघीय सम्मेलनहरू तर्कविहीन र पूर्वनिर्धारित बहिराहरूको संवादजस्ता भइसकेका छन्। यी सम्मेलनहरूको उपलब्धिमा विश्वका नेताहरूको खासै ठूलो योगदान हुँदैन।
यस्ता सम्मेलनको मूल्याङ्‌कन गर्दै उहाँ भन्नुहुन्छ, "हामी एउटा सम्मेलनबाट अर्को सम्मेलनमा जाँदैछौं भने जनता एउटा गहिरो दुःखको खाल्डोबाट अर्को खाल्डोमा भासिँदै गएका छन्।"
दिगो विकासका लागि विश्व सम्मेलनका मुख्य आलोचक जिम्बाबेका राष्ट्रपति रर्वट मुगाबेको भनाइमा यो सम्मेलनको "केन्द्रविन्दु गरिब होइनन् नाफा हो, यसको प्रक्रिया दिगो विकास होइन विश्वव्यापीकरण हो र उद्देश्य स्वतन्त्रता होइन शोषण हो।"
प्रसिद्ध भारतीय लेखक एवम् दिगो विकासवादी कार्यकर्ता वन्दना शिवाको भनाइमा यो सम्मेलनले पृथ्वीको निजीकरण गर्‍यो र गरिबहरूको अधिकार कुण्ठित गर्‍यो। सं.रा. अमेरिकाका राष्ट्रपति जर्ज डब्लू बुसले सम्मेलनमा भाग नलिएर विश्व जनमतको अपमान गरेको आवाज पनि उठेको थियो।
नेपालका लागि त यो सम्मेलन अझ बढी लज्जास्पद रह्यो किनकि दक्षिण एसियाली सहयोग संगठन (सार्क) का अध्यक्षका हैसियतले दक्षिण एसियाकै आवाज उक्त सम्मेलनमा उठाउने प्रतिबद्धताका साथ नेपालबाट दक्षिण अफ्रिकातिर उड्नुभएका नेपालका तत्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री शेरबहादुर देउवा जोहानेसवर्ग पुग्दै पुग्नुभएन। उहाँ बेल्जियममा हतियारको सौदाबाजीपछि सम्मेलन अवधिभर बैंककमा नै छुट्टी मनाउन बस्नुभयो।
यसको अर्थ यो पृथ्वी सम्मेलन पूर्णत असफल भएको भने होइन्, यसका उपलब्धि अन्य शीर्षकहरूमा उल्लेख गरिएका छन्। तर यो सम्मेलन यति धेरै विवादमा आउनुको मूलकारण भने "टाइप टु पार्टनरसिप" नामाकरण गरिएको साझेदारीको कार्यक्रम हो।
"टाइप टु" साझेदारी
सन् १९९२ को पृथ्वी सम्मेलनका एजेन्डा–२१ जस्ता प्रतिबद्धताहरूलाई सरकारहरूले कार्यान्वयन गर्न नसकेपछि यो नयाँ साझेदारीको अवधारणा आएको हो।
जोहानेसवर्ग घोषणापत्र र कार्यान्वयन योजनासँगै "टाइप–टु" साझेदारीलाई यो सम्मेलनको महत्वपूर्ण उपलब्धिका रूपमा घोषणा गरिएको छ।
अन्तरसरकारी साझेदारी अर्थात् "टाइप वन पार्टनरसिप"बाट दिगो विकासको उद्देश्य हासिल गर्न नसकिने देखिएपछि यो नयाँ साझेदारीलाई अगाडि ल्याइएको हो।
दिगो विकासका लागि व्यापारिक प्रतिष्ठानसहित गैरसरकारी संस्था, अनुसन्धान केन्द्रहरू आदिको साझेदारीलाई टाइप टु साझेदारीका रूपमा लिइएको छ। यसका लागि एउटा छुट्टै सिद्धान्तको विकास पनि गरिएको छ। दिगो विकास आयोगले सन् २००२ को अन्त्यसम्ममा २ सय ५१ वटा नयाँ टाइप टु साझेदारी प्रस्ताव दर्ता गरेको थियो। त्यसमध्ये ६० प्रतिशत विश्वव्यापी चासोका थिए भने ४० प्रतिशत क्षेत्रीय दिगो विकाससम्बन्धी थिए। यिनमा अधिकांश उत्तर–दक्षिणबीचका साझेदार कार्यक्रम छन् र केहीमात्र दक्षिण–दक्षिण साझेदारी कार्यक्रम छन्। तीमध्ये साझेदारका रूपमा सरकार, अन्तरसरकारी संस्था, राष्ट्रसंघीय संस्था, गैरसरकारी संस्था एवम् अन्य साझेदार समूहहरू देखा परेका छन्।
व्यापारिक प्रतिष्ठानहरूले एकदम थोरै प्रस्तावमात्र दिगो विकास आयोगमा पठाएका छन्। तर उनीहरूले आफ्ना प्रस्तावहरूलाई विजिनेस एक्सन फर सस्टेनेबल डेभलपमेन्ट (वास्ड) मा दर्ता गरेका छन् र त्यस्तो प्रस्तावको संख्या ९४ पुगेको छ।
दिगो विकासका लागि साझेदारीलाई संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघले निरन्तर प्रक्रिया मानेको छ। र, टाइप टु साझेदारीलाई विश्व सम्मेलनको महत्वपूर्ण उपलब्धि। त्यसैले पनि राष्ट्रसंघीय महासचिव कोफी अन्नानले पृथ्वी सम्मेलनकै बेलामा आयोजित बहुराष्ट्रिय कम्पनीहरू र तिनीहरूको हितका लागि लड्ने संगठन "वास्ड"को बैठकमा भन्नुभयो, "मेरो विचारमा सरकार एक्लैले काम गर्न सक्दैन भन्ने कुरा हामीले आत्मसात गर्‍यौं। व्यापारी समुदाय र समाजले सँगै काम गरेमा धेरै फाइदा हुन्छ भन्ने पनि हामीले बुझ्यौं। र यो कुरालाई हामीले आत्मसात गर्दै व्यापारिक समुदायलाई दिगो विकासमा काम गर्न प्रोत्साहित गर्‍यौं भने त्यसबाट निश्चय नै उल्लेखनीय उपलब्धि हासिल हुन्छ।"
तर अधिकांश नागरिक समाज भने यस्तो खालको व्यापारिक साझेदारीलाई प्रोत्साहन दिने कुराको विपक्षमा छन्। उनीहरूको भनाइमा यो साझेदारीको अर्थ आमजनताले आफ्ना सुविधा गुमाउनु र त्यसबाट व्यापारीहरूले नाफा कमाउनु हो।
नर्वेका अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विकाससम्बन्धी मन्त्री एच.एफ. जोन्सनले त यसबाट गरिब राष्ट्रका स्वामित्व र संयोजनलाई नै कम मूल्याङ्‌कन भएको बताउनुभयो। उहाँले यो साझेदारीले पुराना कामहरूलाई नयाँ "हरियो रंग" पोत्ने काममात्र भएको बताउनुभयो।
आलोचकहरूका अनुसार व्यापारिक वर्ग समस्याका कारक हुन् समाधानका उपाय होइनन्। यथार्थमा पृथ्वीको दिगो विकासका लागि व्यापारिक प्रतिष्ठानहरूलाई बढी जिम्मेवार बनाउनु आवश्यक छ, तर यो साझेदारी कार्यक्रमले त उनीहरूको अधिकार र सुविधा बढाएको छ। टाइप–टु को नाममा बहुराष्ट्रिय कम्पनीहरू चलखेल बढ्दै जाँदा आमजनसमुदायको अधिकार नै कुण्ठित हुँदै जान्छ। जोहानेसवर्ग सम्मेलनताका नै खानेपानीको आपूर्तिसम्बन्धी "साझेदारी" कार्यक्रमको एउटा उदाहरण निकै चर्चित रह्यो।
दक्षिण अफ्रिकाको अरेन्ज फार्म नामक सहरमा खानेपानीको आपूर्तिको जिम्मा फ्रान्सको प्रतिष्ठित स्वेज कम्पनीले पाएको छ र त्यहाँको हरेक मिटरमा रियो सम्मेलन ताकाको वातावरणवादी व्यापारिक संस्था एबीबीको छाप लागेको छ। अरेन्ज फार्मका अधिकांश मानिस बेरोजगार छन् (दक्षिण अफ्रिकामा ४१ प्रतिशत बेरोजगार छन्) र तिनीहरूले धारा जोड्नका लागि १० डलर (करिब ७ सय ९० रुपैयाँ) तिर्नुपर्छ र त्यसबापत उनीहरूले एक दिनमा ६ लिटरमात्र पानी पाउँछन्। त्योभन्दा बढी उपभोग गरेमा पैसा तिर्नुपर्छ नतिरेमा धारा काटिन्छ।
दिगो विकासमा व्यापारिक प्रतिष्ठानहरूको टाइप–टु साझेदारीले यसरी नै गरिब जनतालाई मारमा पार्न सक्ने आशंका नागरिक समाजले गरेको छ। त्यसैले दक्षिण अफ्रिकामा सम्मेलन विरोधी गतिविधिमा संलग्न सामाजिक आन्दोलनकारी संगठन इन्डाबाले भनेको छ–"संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघले बहुराष्ट्रिय कम्पनीहरूको फाइदाका लागि काम गर्‍यो र आफूलाई विश्व बैंक, अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मुद्रा कोष र अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय व्यापार संगठनको हाराहारीमा उभ्यायो।"
तर महासचिव कोफी अन्नान यसलाई दिगो विकासमा साझेदारीको नयाँ युगका रूपमा घोषणा गर्दै सरकारहरूले आजसम्म गर्न नसकेका काम गर्न व्यापारिक क्षेत्रलाई आह्वान गर्नुभयो।
राजनीतिक घोषणापत्र
चार पानाको जोहानेसवर्ग घोषणापत्रमा संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाले आतंकवाद दिगो विकासका लागि खतरा हो भन्ने वाक्यांश र प्यालेस्टाइनले विदेशी कब्जा दिगो विकासका लागि अवरोध भन्ने वाक्यांश थप्न खोजेपछि सहभागी राष्ट्रहरूबीच गम्भीर विवाद भएको थियो। अन्ततः यो विवादलाई साम्य पार्न एक पानाको संशोधन थपियो र उक्त राजनीतिक घोषणापत्र जारी गरियो।
यो घोषणापत्रले एजेन्डा–२१, रियो घोषणापत्र र सन् १९९२ पछिका उपलब्धिहरूमा पुनः प्रतिबद्धता देखाइएको छ। यसैगरी उक्त घोषणापत्रमार्फत राष्ट्रहरूले व्यापारिक प्रतिष्ठानहरूको सामाजिक दायित्वका बारेमा राष्ट्रसंघको साधारणसभामा छलफल हुनुपर्ने माग पनि गरेका छन्।
विस्तृत घोषणापत्रमा जानुभन्दा अगाडि छलफल अवधिभरमा घोषणापत्रका निम्नलिखित बुँदाहरू हटाइएको थाहा पाउनु उपयुक्त हुन्छः
१. रियो सम्मेलनले तोकेका कामहरू पूरा भएका छैनन्।
२. क्योटो अभिसन्धिलगायत वातावरणसम्बन्धी सम्पूर्ण अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सन्धि, अभिसन्धि र महासन्धिको कार्यान्वयनमा प्रतिबद्ध छौं।
३. राज्यहरूका साझा सम्पत्ति र तिनीहरूप्रतिको फरक–फरक उत्तरदायित्वसम्बन्धी रियो सिद्धान्तप्रति पुनः प्रतिबद्धता।
४. विश्वव्यापी रूपमा एक जातीय मतभेदको विकास हुने डर। र,
५. खाद्य सुरक्षा सिर्जना गर्नका लागि सम्झौता। यी बुँदाहरू हटाइएपछि उक्त सम्मेलनले यस्तो घोषणापत्र जारी गर्‍यो :

हाम्रो आदिदेखि भविष्यतिर
१. सन् २००२ को सेप्टेम्बर २ देखि ४ सम्म दिगो विकाससम्बन्धी विश्व सम्मेलनका लागि दक्षिण अफ्रिकामा सम्पूर्ण विश्व समुदायको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्दै भेला भएका हामीहरू दिगो विकासप्रति पुनःप्रतिबद्धता व्यक्त गर्दछौं।
२. हामी मानवको मर्यादाका लागि आवश्यक करुण, समान र स्याहार गर्ने खालको विश्व समुदायको निर्माणका लागि प्रण गर्दछौं।
३. यो सम्मेलनको सुरुमा विश्वभरिका बालबालिकाले सरल तथा स्पष्ट शव्दमा भविष्य उनीहरूको हो भन्दै हाम्रा क्रियाकलापबाट गरिबी, वातावरण विनाश र अदिगो विकासबाट सिर्जना हुने अमर्यादित र दुर्व्यवहारमुक्त विश्व जिम्मा लगाउन चुनौती दिए।
४. हाम्रो समग्र भविष्यको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्ने ती बालबालिकाको चुनौतीलाई स्वीकार गर्दै विश्वका हरेक कुनाबाट आएका र जीवनका विविध अनुभव हासिल गरेका हामीहरू ऐक्यबद्ध भएर हृदयदेखि नै नयाँ र उज्ज्वल संसारको सिर्जनामा लाग्न पर्ने आवश्यकता महसुस गर्छौ।
५. यसैगरी स्थानीय, राष्ट्रिय, क्षेत्रीय र विश्वस्तरमा आर्थिक विकास, सामाजिक विकास र वातावरणीय संरक्षणजस्ता दिगो विकासका खम्बाहरू र अन्तर–निर्भतालाई बलियो र विस्तृत बनाउन सामूहिक उत्तरदायित्व बोध गर्दछौं, हामी।
६. यो महादेशबाट मानवताका आधारमा कार्यान्वयन योजना र यस घोषणापत्रका माध्यमबाट हामी एक–अर्काप्रति अनि विश्वकै जीवित समुदाय र हाम्रा बालबच्चाप्रति हाम्रो उत्तरदायित्वको घोषणा गर्दछौं।
७. मानव सभ्यता विध्वंसात्मक र दिगो विकासको दोबाटोमा अल्मलिएको परिप्रेक्ष्यमा गरिबी निवारण र मानव विकासका लागि व्यावहारिक र स्पष्ट योजना बनाउन एकमत भई हामी साझा प्रस्ताव पारित गर्छौं।

स्टकहोमदेखि रियो दि जेनेरियो हुँदै जोहानेसवर्गसम्म
८. तीस वर्षपहिले स्टकहोममा, वातावरणीय प्रदूषणको समस्या तुरुन्तै समाधान गर्नुपर्ने विषयमा हामी सहमत भएका थियौं। दश वर्षपहिले रियो द जेनेरियोमा सम्पन्न वातावरण र विकाससम्बन्धी संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघीय सम्मेलनमा दिगो विकासका पूर्वाधारहरू वातावरण संरक्षण र सामाजिक तथा आर्थिक विकास हुन् भन्ने रियो सिद्धान्तमा हामी सहमत भएका थियौं। यस्तो विकासका लागि हामीले स्वीकार गरेको विश्वव्यापी कार्यक्रम, "एजेन्डा–२१"र रियो घोषणापत्रप्रति पुनः प्रतिबद्धता व्यक्त गर्छौं । रियो सम्मेलन वास्तवमा कोशेढुङ्गा थियो, जसले दिगो विकाससम्बन्धी एउटा नयाँ एजेन्डा तयार गर्‍यो।
९. रियो र जोहानेसवर्गका बीचको समयमा संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघको नेतृत्वमा भएका आर्थिक विकासका लागि मोन्टेरेरी सम्मेलन, त्यसैगरी दोहामा भएको मन्त्रीस्तरीय गोष्ठीजस्ता विश्व थुप्रै राष्ट्रहरू सहभागी भएका महत्वपूर्ण गोष्ठीहरूले विश्व–मानवताको भविष्यका लागि व्यापक दृष्टिकोण दिएका छन्।
१०.जोहानेसवर्ग सम्मेलनमा धेरै खालका मानिस र विचारहरूलाई भेला गराएर हामीले दिगो विकासलाई कार्यान्वयनमा ल्याउनका लागि एउटा साझा मार्ग पहिल्याउने रचनात्मक प्रयास गर्‍यौं। जोहानेसवर्ग सम्मेलनले विश्वभरिकै मानिसलाई एकमत गराउन र साझेदारीमा काम गर्न उपलब्धिमूलक काम गरेको छ।

हाम्रा चुनौतीहरू
११.दिगो विकासका लागि गरिबी निवारण, उत्पादन र उपभोगको बदलिँदो शैली, सामाजिक तथा आर्थिक विकासका लागि प्राकृतिक स्रोत र साधनको संरक्षण तथा व्यवस्थापन महत्वपूर्ण आवश्यकताहरू हुन् भन्ने हामीले महसुस गर्‍यौं।
१२.मानव समाजमा धनी एवम् गरिबबीचको विकसित तथा विकासोन्मुख राष्ट्रबीचको बढ्दो दूरी विश्वव्यापी समृद्धि, सुरक्षा र स्थायित्वका लागि प्रमुख चुनौती हुन्।
१३.विश्वव्यापी वातावरण लगातार क्षय भइरहेको छ। जैविक विविधता निरन्तर लोपोन्मुख छ, माछा भण्डार रित्तिन सुरु भएको छ, मरुभूमीकरण उब्जाउ भूमितिर फैलादैछ, जलवायु परिवर्तन प्रतिकूल प्रभाव देखाउन थालिसकेको छ। यसबाट प्राकृतिक प्रकोप झन् बढ्दैछ र त्यसको असर विकासोन्मुख देशहरूमा बढी छ। त्यसमाथि हावा, पानी र सामुद्रिक प्रदूषणले लाखौं जीवन नास गरिरहेको छ।
१४.विश्वव्यापीकरणले यी चुनौतीहरूमा नयाँ आयाम थपेको छ। विश्व बजार व्यवस्थाको तीव्र एकीकरण, पुँजीको परिचालन र लगानी प्रवाहमा अत्यधिक वृद्धिले दिगो विकासमा नयाँ चुनौतीका साथै अवसरहरू पनि दिएको छ। तर, विश्वव्यापीकरणका क्रममा लगानी र लाभको असमान वितरणबाट विशेष रुपमा विकासोन्मुख मुलुकहरूलाई ती चुनौतीहरूको सामना गर्न गाह्रो परेको छ।
१५.यी विश्वव्यापी असमानतालाई आधिकारिक रुपमा स्वीकारेपछि पनि विश्वभरिका गरिबहरूको जीवनमा आधारभूत परिवर्तन गर्न सकेनौं भने हामी प्रतिबद्ध भएको प्रजातान्त्रिक व्यवस्थाप्रति उनीहरूको आस्था रहने छैन।
दिगो विकासप्रति हाम्रा प्रतिबद्धता
१६.परिवर्तन र दिगो विकासको साझा लक्ष्य प्राप्तिका लागि हाम्रो सामूहिक शक्तिका रूपमा रहेको जैविक विविधताको प्रयोग रचनात्मक साझेदारीबाट गर्न हामी प्रतिबद्ध छौं।
१७.मानव एकताको महत्वलाई पहिचान गर्दै जातीयता, शारीरिक अपाङ्गता, धर्म, भाषा, संस्कृति र परम्पराबाट कसै माथि पनि विभेद नगरी विश्वका सभ्यता र जनताहरूबीच संवाद र सहयोग प्रवर्द्धन गर्न प्रण गर्दछौं।
१८.मानवीय मर्यादाको अविभाज्यतामा केन्द्रित रहेको जोहानेसवर्ग सम्मेलनलाई स्वागत गर्दै सफा पानी, सरसफाइ, पर्याप्त बासस्थान, ऊर्जा, स्वास्थ्य उपचार, खाद्य सुरक्षाजस्ता आधारभूत आवश्यक पूर्ति र जैविक विविधताको संरक्षणका लागि लक्ष्य, समय तालिका र साझेदारीहरू तय गरी समाधान गरिनेछ। यसका लागि आवश्यक पर्ने आर्थिक, प्राविधिक र मानवीय स्रोतका लागि एक–अर्कालाई सहयोग गर्ने प्रण गर्छौं।
१९.हाम्रा जनतामा दिगो विकासमा देखा परेका चुनौतीहरूविरुद्ध लड्न विशेष ध्यान दिनेछौं। यी चुनौतीहरूमध्ये अनिकाल, कुपोषण, वैदेशिक कब्जा, शस्त्रयुक्त द्वन्द्व, अवैध लागू पदार्थको समस्या, संस्थागत अपराध, भ्रष्टाचार, प्राकृतिक प्रकोप, हातहतियारको गैरकानुनी ओसार–पसार, मानिसको बेच–बिखन, आतंकवाद, जाति, धर्म र संस्कृति आदिका आधारमा हुने विभेद र एच.आई.भी/एड्स, औंलो ज्वरो र क्षयरोगजस्ता डरलाग्दा सरुवा रोगहरू प्रमुख हुन्।
२०.हामी महिला सशक्तीकरण र मुक्तिको सुनिश्चितता एवम् एजेन्डा २१ मा उल्लिखित सबै क्षेत्रमा लैंगिक समानता, सहस्राब्दी विकास लक्ष्य र जोहानेसवर्ग कार्यान्वयन योजनाको कार्यान्वयनमा प्रतिबद्ध छौं।
२१.दिगो विकास र गरिबी निवारणका लागि विश्व समाजसँग उपाय र स्रोत छ भन्ने कुरालाई स्वीकार गर्दै हामी ती स्रोतहरू मानव हितमा लगाउनका लागि अतिरिक्त कदम चाल्नेछौं।
२२.यस सम्बन्धमा हाम्रा विकासका उद्देश्य तथा लक्ष्य प्राप्त गर्न हामी विकसित राष्ट्रहरूलाई औपचारिक विकास सहयोग (ओडीए) मा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय रुपमा स्वीकार गरिएको (जुन उनीहरूले अहिले गरेका छैनन्) लगानी गर्न आह्वान गर्दछौं।
२३.क्षेत्रीय सहयोग तथा क्षेत्रीय एवम् दिगो विकासलाई टेवा पुर्‍याउने भएकाले अफ्रिकाको विकासमा नयाँ साझेदारी (नेपाड) जस्ता समूहको उत्पतिको स्वागत गर्छौ‌।
२४.साना टापुमा रहेका विकासोन्मुख राष्ट्र र कम विकसित देशहरूको विकासका आवश्यकताहरूमाथि हामी विशेष ध्यान दिने कामलाई निरन्तरता दिनेछौं।
२५.दिगो विकासमा आदिवासी जनताको मुख्य भूमिका हुनेमा हामी जोड दिन्छौं।
२६.दिगो विकासका लागि दीर्घकालीन योजना र चौतर्फी सहभागितामा आधारित नीति निर्धारण, सबै तहमा निर्णय गर्न र कार्यान्वयन गर्न आवश्यक छ। सामाजिक साझेदारको नाताले हामीले स्थायी साझेदारीका निमित्त सबै साझेदार वर्गहरूसँग निरन्तर काम गर्नुपर्दछ र सबैको आ–आफ्नै महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका हुन्छ।
२७.साना हुन वा ठूला निजी क्षेत्रका कम्पनीहरूले कानुनी प्रक्रियाबाट समाजको दिगो विकासमा समान रूपमा सहभागी हुनु तिनको सामूहिक दायित्व हो।
२८.अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय श्रम संगठनको घोषणापत्रलाई ध्यान दिँदै आयमूलक रोजगारीका अवसरहरू अभिवृद्धिमा सहयोग पुर्‍याउन पनि मन्जुर गर्दछौं।
२९.व्यापारिक प्रतिष्ठानको उत्तरदायित्व वृद्धि गर्न निजी क्षेत्रका संस्थाहरूको सहयोग आवश्यकता छ भन्नेमा हामी सहमति व्यक्त गर्दछौं।
३०.सहस्राब्दी विकास लक्ष्यहरू, जोहानेसवर्गको कार्ययोजना एजेन्डा २१ को प्रभावकारी कार्यान्वयनका निमित्त सबै तहमा सुशासनका लागि काम गर्न हामी मन्जुर छौं।

बहुपक्षीयता नै भविष्य हो
३१.दिगो विकासको लक्ष्य प्राप्तिका लागि हामीलाई अझ प्रभावकारी, प्रजातान्त्रिक र जवाफदेही अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय र बहुपक्षीय संस्थाहरूको आवश्यकता छ।
३२.हामी संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघीय बडापत्र र अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय कानुनका
साथसाथै बहुपक्षीयताको मजबुतिका सिद्धान्त र उद्देश्यहरूप्रति हाम्रो पुनःप्रतिबद्धता व्यक्त गर्दछौं। हामी संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघको नेतृत्वदायी भूमिकालाई समर्थन गर्दछौं, जुन विश्वको प्रतिनिधिमूलक विश्वव्यापी संस्था हो र दिगो विकास प्रवर्द्धनका लागि उत्तम निकाय पनि हो।
३३.हाम्रो दिगो विकासको उद्देश्य र लक्ष्य प्राप्तितर्फ नियमित अन्तरालमा प्रगतिको अनुगमन आफैं गर्ने प्रतिबद्धता पनि व्यक्त गर्दछौं।

यिनको कार्यान्वयनका लागि
३४.ऐतिहासिक जोहानेसवर्ग सम्मेलनका सहभागी सबै साझेदार समूह र सरकारहरूको ऐक्यबद्धताबाट यो घोषणापत्र कार्यान्वयन हुन्छ भन्नेमा हामी सहमत भएका छौं।
३५.हामी एक भएर हाम्रो पृथ्वी बचाउने, मानव विकास प्रवर्द्धन गर्ने र विश्वव्यापी समृद्धि र शान्ति प्राप्त गर्ने साझा गन्तव्यतर्फ काम गर्न प्रतिबद्धता व्यक्त गर्दछौं।
३६.जोहानेसवर्गको कार्यान्वयन योजना र त्यसमा अन्तरनिहित समय–सीमा, सामाजिक, आर्थिक तथा वातावरणीय लक्ष्यप्रति हामी आफूहरू प्रतिबद्ध रहनेछौं।
३७.मानवीय आधारविन्दु अफ्रिकी महादेशबाट हामी विश्वका जनतासमक्ष प्रतिज्ञा गर्दछौं कि हामीले दिगो विकासको सामूहिक अपेक्षा राखेका छौं।

हामी दिगो विकासका निमित्त राम्रो आतिथ्य र विशिष्ट व्यवस्था मिलाइएकोमा दक्षिण अफ्रिकी सरकार र जनताप्रति हार्दिक कृतज्ञता व्यक्त गर्दछौं।

कार्यान्वयन योजना
टाइप–टु साझेदारीलाई नयाँ विवादास्पद अवधारणा र जोहानेसवर्ग घोषणापत्रलाई औपचारिक दस्तावेजका रूपमा मान्ने हो भने कार्यान्वयन योजना (प्लान अफ इम्प्लिमेन्टेसन) दिगो विकासका लागि विश्व सम्मेलनको एकमात्र महत्वपूर्ण उपलब्धिका रूपमा लिन सकिन्छ।
कार्यान्वयन योजना जम्माजम्मी ५४ पेजको छ र यसका १० अध्याय र १ सय ५३ अनुच्छेद छन्। यसका दस अध्यायहरू निम्न छन्:
१. परिचय,
२. गरिबी निवारण,
३. उत्पादन र उपभोगका अदिगो परिस्थितिलाई परिवर्तन,
४. सामाजिक र आर्थिक विकासका लागि प्राकृतिक सम्पदाको संरक्षण र व्यवस्थापन,
५. विश्वव्यापीकरण भइरहेको पृथ्वीमा दिगो विकास,
६. स्वास्थ्य र दिगो विकास,
७. साना टापुमा अवस्थित विकासोन्मुख राष्ट्रहरूमा दिगो विकास,
८. अफ्रिकामा दिगो विकास,
९. कार्यान्वयनका उपाय र
१०. दिगो विकासका लागि संस्थागत संरचना।
कार्यान्वयन योजनाका धेरैजसो कार्यक्रमहरूमा मिलेनियम डेभलपमेन्ट गोल (सहस्राब्दीको विकास लक्ष्य) का कार्यक्रमहरूको प्रत्यक्ष प्रभाव भेटिन्छ। र, दुवै कार्यक्रमले अधिकांश योजना पूरा गर्ने लक्ष्य सन् २०१५ लाई नै तोकेका छन्। ती साझा कार्यक्रमहरूमा प्रतिदिन १ डलर (करिब ७९ रुपैयाँ) भन्दा कम आम्दानी भएका जनताको उत्थानका लागि काम गरेर सन् २०१५ सम्ममा आधा घटाउने, शहरका सुकुम्बासीको संख्या कम्तीमा १० करोडले घटाउने र खानेपानी एवम् सरसफाइबाट वञ्चित जनसंख्यामध्ये सन् २०१५ सम्ममा आधालाई उक्त सुविधा उपलब्ध गराउने छन्। यसैगरी सन् २०१५ सम्ममा नै सबै बालबालिकालाई प्राथमिक शिक्षा पूरा गर्ने वातावरण बनाउने तथा त्यही अवधिमा शिक्षाको पहुँचमा लैंगिक विभेद समाप्त पार्ने कार्यक्रम पनि छन्।
यो सम्मेलनमा विकासोन्मुख राष्ट्रहरूको मुख्य विजय भनेको लक्ष्यसहित खानेपानी र सरसफाइका कार्यक्रमलाई कार्यान्वयन योजनामा समावेश गराउन सक्नु हो। यसबाहेक जैविक विविधता महासन्धिअन्तर्गत नै आफ्नो जैविक विविधता वा परम्परागत ज्ञानको प्रयोग व्यापारिक उत्पादनमा भएमा त्यसको मुनाफा उक्त समुदायले पाउन सक्ने अवस्था सिर्जना हुनु पनि विकासोन्मुख मुलुकहरूको अर्को विजय हो। किनकि यो प्रावधान कानुनी रूपमा बाध्यात्मक बनाउने कुराको विरोधमा धेरै राष्ट्र लागेका थिए।
संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाले त यस्तो कानुनी रूपमा बाध्यात्मक प्रावधान ट्रिप्स सम्झौता (व्यापारसँग सम्बन्धित बौद्धिक सम्पत्तिमाथिको अधिकार) सँग बाझिने बताउँदै यसको विरोध गरेको छ। यो सम्झौताले परम्परागत ज्ञानमाथि रैथाने समुदायको अधिकारलाई मान्यता दिएको छैन।
यो सम्मेलनमा अर्को शक्तिशाली समूह युरोपीय संघले भने वातावरणीय मुद्दाहरूमा ठोस निर्णयका लागि आवाज उठाएको थियो। तर उनीहरू आफ्ना मुलुकमा कृषिमा दिँदै आएको अनुदान हटाउने कुरादेखि सहयोग तथा व्यापारमा थोपर्दै आएका शर्तहरूका बारेमा छलफल गर्नसम्म पनि चाहँदैन थिए। युरोपीय संघले यो व्यवहारका कारण ऊर्जा र वातावरणका मुद्दामा विकासोन्मुख मुलुकहरू संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका र ओपेक (पेट्रोलियम पदार्थ निर्यातक राष्ट्रहरूको संगठन) सँग नजिकिन पुगे। त्यसमाथि ओपेकको अत्यधिक प्रभावमा रहेको समूह जी–७७ (ग्रुप–७७, विकासोन्मुख राष्ट्रहरूको अनौपचारिक संगठन जसको संख्या १ सयभन्दा बढी भइसकेको छ) का सदस्य राष्ट्रहरू वातावरणीय मुद्दामा युरोपीय संघलाई साथ दिँदा व्यापारमा अझै बढी व्यवधान वा शर्त थपिने डरका कारण पनि संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका र ओपेकका अनुदारवादी मुद्दाहरूमा साथ दिन बाध्य भए।
सम्मेलनमा अधिकारीहरूबीच ६ दिनसम्म चलेको छलफलपछि युरोपीय संघले कार्यान्वयन योजनालाई मन्त्रीस्तरीय बैठकमा छलफल गरिनुपर्ने माग राखे। नर्वे, स्वीट्जरल्यान्ड र युरोपीय संघले कार्यान्वयन योजनाको सुधारका लागि प्रयास गरे, तर विकासोन्मुख राष्ट्रहरूका लागि युरोपीय संघले नयाँ केही दिन नसकेपछि अहिले आएको कार्यान्वयन योजनामा नै सम्झौता गरे। तर संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाले भने पछिसम्म पनि कार्यान्वयन योजनामा भाँजो हाल्ने प्रयास गरिरह्यो। त्यसपछि साझा सम्पत्ति तर फरक जिम्मेवारीको सिद्धान्त, आफ्नो कुल गार्हस्थ्य उत्पादनको ०.७ प्रतिशत रकम आधिकारिक विकास सहयोग (अफिसियल डेभलपमेन्ट फन्ड–ओडीए) मा छुट्याउने लक्ष्य, व्यापारिक प्रतिष्ठानको सामाजिक उत्तरदायित्व, जैविक विविधतासम्बन्धी उत्पादनको उक्त विविधता उत्पन्न भएको मुलुकसँग नाफाको बाँडफाँड लगायतकाबाट संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाले आफूलाई अलग्यायो। त्यतिबाट पनि सन्तुष्ट नभएपछि संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाले कार्यान्वयन योजनालाई बाध्यात्मक नहुने अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्झौताका रूपमा मात्र स्वीकार गरेको घोषणा गर्‍यो।

गरिबी निवारण
गरिबी निवारण विश्वव्यापी चुनौती हो र विशेषगरी विकासोन्मुख मुलुकका लागि दिगो विकासको बाटोको सबैभन्दा ठूलो अवरोध। तर कार्यान्वयन योजनामा गरिबी निवारण शीर्षकअन्तर्गत पाँच बुँदामा समेटिएका झन्डै ४० वटा कार्यक्रम हेर्दा विकासोन्मुख राष्ट्र र उनीहरूको जी–७७ ले प्रशस्त गृहकार्य गर्न नसकेको र दूरदर्शिता पनि देखाउन नसकेको प्रष्ट हुन्छ। जी–७७ ले जोड दिएको विश्व ऐक्यबद्धता कोष (वर्ल्ड सोलिडारिटी फन्ड) को निर्माणको कुरा कार्यक्रममा परेको छ तर, यो स्वेच्छिक कोष भएकाले यसको राशि धनी देश, व्यक्ति र व्यापारिक प्रतिष्ठानको इच्छामा भर पर्छ। यसका अतिरिक्त यो कोषका बारेमा संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघीय साधारणसभामा छलफल हुन बाँकी नै छ। धेरैको विचारमा, सन् १९९२ को रियो सम्मेलनमा भारतको सेन्टर फर साइन्स एन्ड इन्भाइरोमेन्टले प्रस्ताव गरेको विश्वव्यापी वातावरणीय करको अवधारणा उचित हुने थियो। त्यसमाथि कोषको दिगोपनप्रति युरोपीय संघ पनि विश्वस्त छैन किनकि संघको विचारमा यसको उद्देश्य गरिबी निवारण अति नै वृहद् छ र संघले ०.७ प्रतिशतको ओडीएको लक्ष्य हासिल गर्न नसकेको परिस्थितिमा यो नयाँ कोषले कुनै नयाँ दानदातव्य पाउने कुरामा शंका छ।
सन् २०१५ सम्ममा एक डलरभन्दा कम आय भएका र खानेपानीको पहुँच नभएका जनसंख्यालाई आधाले कम गर्ने, हरेक क्षेत्रमा महिलाको पहुँच बढाउने, आधारभूत स्वास्थ्य सेवा पुर्‍याउने, सबै बालबालिकालाई प्राथमिक शिक्षा पूरा गर्ने स्थिति बनाउनेजस्ता अनेकन सामाजिक, आर्थिक एवम् वातावरणीय कामको लक्ष्य राखिएको गरिबी निवारणको अध्यायमा सरकारहरू आर्थिक गतिविधिमा आदिवासी जनजातिकै पहुँच वृद्धि गर्न र नवीकरणीय स्रोतहरूप्रतिको आश्रयलाई मान्यता दिन सहमत भएका छन्।

उत्पादन र उपभोग
विश्वव्यापी दिगो विकासका लागि अहिलेको उत्पादन र उपभोगशैलीमा आधारभूत परिवर्तन गर्नुपर्ने कुरामा सबै राष्ट्र सहमत छन्। तर कसरी ? यो नै विवादको मूल मुद्दा हो।
विभिन्न १० बुँदामा विस्तृत रुपमा व्याख्या गरिएका कार्यक्रमहरूमा १० वर्षको समयावधिभित्र पृथ्वीको बहन क्षमतालाई ध्यानमा राखेर सामाजिक र आर्थिक विकासका लागि दिगो उत्पादन र उपभोग गर्नेदेखि वातावरणलाई असर नगर्ने उत्पादनलाई जोड दिन आर्थिक र कानुनी उपाय अवलम्बन गर्ने, व्यापारिक प्रतिष्ठानलाई वातावरणीय र सामाजिक उत्तरदायित्व बहन गर्न लगाउने, पुनः उपयोग, प्रशोधनजस्ता उपायबाट फोहोर घटाउनेजस्ता अनेकन कार्यक्रममा सरकारहरू सहमत भएका छन्।
सम्मेलन अवधिमा विवादास्पद बुँदा भने ऊर्जासम्बन्धी नै रह्यो। नवीकरणीय ऊर्जाको परिभाषा र १० वर्षमा विश्वको कुल ऊर्जा खपतमध्ये कति प्रतिशतलाई नवीकरणीय ऊर्जामा सार्ने विवादमा धेरै समय खर्च भयो। आणविक र ठूला जलविद्युत् समावेश भएको वृहद परिभाषाअन्तर्गत युरोपीय संघले नवीकरणीय ऊर्जाको स्थान १५ प्रतिशत हुनुपर्ने माग राख्यो। अहिले पृथ्वीको कुल ऊर्जा खपतमध्ये यो वृहद परिभाषाअन्तर्गत जाने हो भने नवीकरण ऊर्जाको माग १३.९ प्रतिशत छ। जबकि ठूला जलविद्युत् र परम्परागत जैविक ऊर्जालाई हटाएर यसको प्रतिशत १० हुनुपर्ने गैरसरकारी संस्थाहरूको माग थियो। (जुन अहिले २ प्रतिशतमात्र छ) अर्को विवादास्पद मुद्दा नवीकरणीय ऊर्जालाई अनुदान दिने मुद्दा पनि थियो। संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका र ओपेकको कब्जामा रहेको जी–७७ ले यी सबैलाई अस्वीकार गरेपछि कार्यान्वयन योजनामा लक्ष्यविहीन कार्यक्रम राखियो।

प्राकृतिक सम्पदा
मानव गतिविधिले पृथ्वीको पारस्थितिक प्रणाली (ईको सिस्टम) मा गम्भीर असर गरिरहेको छ। दिगो विकासका लागि प्राकृतिक स्रोतको आधारलाई दिगो र एकीकृत रूपमा व्यवस्थापन गर्न आवश्यक छ। यस सन्दर्भमा भूमि, जल तथा जीवित प्राणीहरूको एकीकृत व्यवस्थापन गरी प्राकृतिक सम्पदाको विनाशको अहिलेको स्थितिलाई रोक्न सम्पूर्ण राष्ट्रहरू सहमत भएका छन् र त्यसका लागि कार्यान्वयन योजनामा थुप्रै कार्यक्रम र लक्ष्यहरू तय गरिएका छन्। तर सम्मेलनताका मुख्य विवादको विषय भने रैथाने समुदायका लागि आयआर्जनको स्रोत र जैविक विविधताबीच जोडिएको सम्बन्ध नै रह्यो। विकासोन्मुख मुलुकहरूको जैविक विविधताको उपयोग गरेर आम्दानी गरिरहेका धनी मुलुकहरूले त्यो आम्दानीको केही भाग विकासोन्मुख मुलुकलाई दिन धेरै आनाकानी गरे। तर अहिलेको जैविक विविधताको विनाशलाई सन् २०१० सम्ममा कम गर्नका लागि अतिरिक्त आर्थिक तथा प्राविधिक सहयोग गर्न भने उनीहरू राजी भए।
राष्ट्रिय लक्ष्यसहित प्राकृतिक सम्पदा संरक्षण रणनीतिका कुरा उठाइए पनि त्यसका लागि समयावधि नतोकिएकाले ती अक्षरमा मात्र सीमित हुने देखिए।
यसैगरी स्वच्छ खानेपानीसम्म पहुँच नभएका जनसंख्यामध्ये आधालाई सन् २०१५ सम्ममा खानेपानी पुर्‍याउने कुरामा सबै सहमत भए र त्यसमा सरसफाइको मुद्दा थप्न युरोपीय संघले गरेको प्रस्ताव संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकालगायतकाले स्वीकार गरे। तर खानेपानीका स्रोतका सम्बन्धमा भने कुनै चासो देखाइएन। यसैगरी विश्वका नदीहरूको संरक्षणका लागि अन्तरदेशीय सहयोगका बारेमा पनि सम्मेलन मौन रह्यो।
प्राकृतिक सम्पदासम्बन्धी अध्यायमा रियो सिद्धान्तहरूलाई फेरि दोहोर्‍याएर पुनः प्रतिबद्धता देखाइएको छ। साझा तर फरक उत्तरदायित्वसम्बन्धी सिद्धान्तहरू सं.रा. अमेरिकाको विरोधका कारण फितलो रूपमा आएका छन्। यसैगरी वातावरणीय सूचनाको अधिकार सं.रा. अमेरिका र जी–७७ को विरोधले गर्दा फितलो भएको छन्।

विश्वव्यापीकरण
कार्यान्वयन योजनामा विश्वव्यापीकरण दिगो विकासका लागि चुनौती र अवसर दुवै हो भन्ने कुरामा राष्ट्रहरू सहमत भएका छन्। यो अध्यायको सार, विकासोन्मुख र पूर्वी युरोपका राष्ट्रहरूले विश्वव्यापीकरणको चुनौती र अवसरलाई आफ्ना फाइदामा उपभोग गर्न नसकेकाले उनीहरूलाई विश्व व्यापार संगठनका भावी छलफलहरूमा आफ्ना चाहनालाई सक्षमताका साथ राख्न सकून् भन्ने हो। तर यो अध्यायमा वातावरण र त्यससम्बन्धी चासोलाई उल्लेख गर्न सकिएको छैन।
यस अध्यायमा दुई विवादास्पद मुद्दाहरू छन्। पहिलो अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय श्रम संगठनसम्बन्धी हो। त्यो संगठनलाई विश्वव्यापीकरणका सामाजिक पक्षमा काम गर्न अर्‍हाइएको छ, तर कामदार वर्गको आधारभूत हकका बारेमा भने केही बोलिएको छै्रन। दोस्रो मुद्दा व्यापारिक प्रतिष्ठानहरूको सामाजिक दायित्वका बारेमा छ। युरोपीय संघ र जी–७७ ले व्यापारिक प्रतिष्ठानको सामाजिक दायित्व बहन गर्नका लागि बाध्य पार्न अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय कानुनको आवश्यकता औल्याए तर, अमेरिकी विरोधका कारण यो स्वेच्छिकमात्र बन्न पुग्यो।

स्वास्थ्य
सम्मेलनमा सहभागी राष्ट्रहरूले यो अध्यायअन्तर्गत थुप्रै प्रतिबद्धता व्यक्त गरेका छन्। जसमध्ये सन् २०१५ सम्ममा बाल मृत्युदरलाई दुई तिहाइले घटाउने कार्यक्रम ल्याउने मुख्य छ। यसैगरी विकासोन्मुख मुलुकमा वायु प्रदूषणको चपेटामा परेका महिला तथा बालबालिकालाई विशेष कार्यक्रमको घोषणाका साथै एचआईभीको संक्रमणलाई रोक्न विभिन्न कार्यक्रमप्रति प्रतिबद्धता जनाइएको छ।

व्यापार र सहयोग
यो अध्यायको मुख्य अंश विश्व व्यापार संगठनको मोन्टेरियो सम्मेलनकै अन्तिम घोषणापत्र र दोहा सम्मेलनको मन्त्रीस्तरीय घोषणापत्रबाट सारिएको छ। विकासोन्मुख मुलुकहरूले दिगो विकास विश्व सम्मेलनमा औद्योगिक राष्ट्रहरूबाट खुला व्यापारलाई असर गर्नेगरी आफ्ना व्यवसायहरूलाई दिने गरेका अनुदानमा केही बन्देजको स्थिति सिर्जना होला भन्ने आशा गरेका थिए। तर युरोपीय संघले आफ्नो आन्तरिक कृषि व्यवसायमा दिंदै आएको अनुदानलाई कुनै हालतमा पनि नहटाउने संकेत दिएर विकासोन्मुख राष्ट्रहरूलाई निरास नै तुल्याए। तर यो अध्यायमा रहेको वातावरणमा नकारात्मक असर गर्ने र दिगो विकाससँग मेल नखाने अनुदानका बारेमा पुनरावलोकन आवश्यक छ भन्ने वाक्यांशले भने केही सकारात्मक संकेत दिएको छ।
दिगो विकासका लागि व्यापार र आपसी सहयोगसम्बन्धी सम्झौतालाई सवल बनाउन जरुरी छ भन्ने प्रावधानलाई पनि सकारात्मक रुपमा लिइएको छ। यसैगरी विकसित राष्ट्रको बजारमा विकासोन्मुख राष्ट्रहरूको पहुँचलाई उल्लेखनीय सुधार गर्ने र खुला व्यापारलाई नै असर गर्ने आन्तरिक अनुदानलाई कम गर्दै लाने विषयमा भएका छलफलले भने विकासोन्मुख राष्ट्रका लागि भविष्यमा आशाका किरण देखिएका छन्।

आर्थिक संरचना र सुशासन
यो कार्यान्वयन योजनाका लागि कुनै नयाँ सहयोग राशिका लागि प्रतिबद्धता देखाइएन। यसका शब्दहरूलाई केलाउने हो भने आर्थिक सहयोगका लागि आधिकारिक विकास सहयोग (ओडीए) को सट्टा विदेशमा प्रत्यक्ष लगानी फरेन डिरेक्ट इन्भेस्टमेन्ट (एफडीआई) तिर मोडिएको देखिन्छ। यो एफडीआईको बहावको केन्द्रविन्दु विकासोन्मुख मुलुक हुनेछ भन्ने आशा पनि देखाइएको छ, तर त्यसका लागि विकासोन्मुख मुलुकहरूले सकारात्मक वातावरण (अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय र राष्ट्रिय शर्तहरूको पालना) बनाउनुपर्छ।
सुशासनको विषयमा पनि यो कार्यान्वयन योजना मौन रहेको छ, तर अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय वित्तीय संस्थाहरूलाई आफ्ना नीतिहरू दिगो विकासका नीतिसँग मेल खाने बनाउनका लागि गरिएको भने आह्वानले दिएको छ।

संस्थागत संरचना
संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघको आर्थिक तथा सामाजिक काउन्सिललाई सम्मेलनका उपलब्धि तथा एफडीआईसम्बन्धी अनुगमन गर्ने जिम्मेवारी सुम्पिएको छ, तर काउन्सिल आफैंमा एउटा कमजोर संरचना भएकाले उपलब्धिलाई कार्यान्वयन तहमा पुर्‍याउन कठिन नै देखिन्छ। त्यसमाथि दिगो विकास आयोगलाई दिइएको कामसमेत स्पष्ट र संरचनात्मक छैन। सन् २००५ लाई दिगो विकासका राष्ट्रिय रणनीति तर्जुमा एवम् कार्यान्वयन सुरु गर्ने वर्ष तोकिएको छ। निर्णय र कार्यान्वयनबीचको ३ वर्षको फरकले कार्यान्वयनलाई नै कमजोर पार्ने संकेत दिन्छ।

जनसहभागिता
जनसहभागितासम्बन्धी एउटा महत्वपूर्ण बुँदा (१५१) नै हटाइनु यो सम्मेलनको अर्को दुःखदायी घटना हो। सन् १९९२ को तुलनामा नागरिक समाज निकै बलियो हुँदाहुँदै पनि रियो सम्मेलनमा जति पनि सम्मेलनको निर्णयहरूलाई प्रभावित गर्न सकेन। त्यसको एउटा परिणाम हो न्याय र सूचनामा जनताको पहुँच बढाउन, निर्णय प्रक्रियामा जनतालाई सहभागी गराउने प्रावधान हट्नु।
यो सम्मेलनको अर्को सकारात्मक पक्ष भने ब्राजिल, भारत, चीन, मलेसिया र दक्षिण अफ्रिकाले क्योटो अभिसन्धिमा हस्ताक्षर गर्नु र एसिया, क्यानाडा एवम् पोल्यान्डले हस्ताक्षर गर्ने बचन दिनु हो।
दिगो विकास विश्व सम्मेलनपछि अबको महत्वपूर्ण छलफल विश्व व्यापार संगठनसम्बन्धी हुनेछ। अबका ३–४ वर्षमा विकासोन्मुख मुलुकहरूले विश्व व्यापार सम्मेलनका छलफलहरूमा राम्रोसँग आफ्नो वकालत गर्न सकेमा वातावरणीय न्यायका लागि काम हुन सक्थ्यो भने नागरिक समाजले दिगो विकासका लागि वकालत गरेमा भविष्यको बाटो अलि बढी सहज हुने थियो। नेपाल वातावरण पत्रकार समूहद्वारा प्रकाशित दिगो विकास विश्व सम्मेलन २००२ बाट

Thursday, June 19, 2008

Vulture restaurant: diclofenac-free meat on platter


One doesn’t really expect carrion scavengers to be gastronomes. So, a restaurant for vultures does seem something of an oddball. But the vulture restaurant at Kawasoti, Nawalaparasi district, some 100 km from Kathmandu, provides vultures with something that’s become a rarity for them: carcasses cleaned of diclofenac residues. Environmentalists say that the anti-inflammatory drug administered to livestock is responsible for the near extinction of three vulture species in Nepal, India and Pakistan. At the Kawasoti restaurant, all traces of the drug are removed before carcasses are served to vultures.

The endeavour is the brainchild of Nepali ornithologist, Hem Sagar Baral and his team at Bird Conservation Nepal (bcn). It’s part of a larger anti-diclofenac campaign (see box: Vulture saviours).

Table in the openThe restaurant’s management committee buys old and weak cattle, and nurses them in a farm till they die.

If an animal falls ill, it’s treated with meloxicam, a newly introduced diclofenac substitute that does not harm vultures. If a cow dies before all traces of diclofenac-residue are removed, Baral’s team makes sure that its carcass is not dished out. Dead livestock is skinned before being served.

The restaurant is actually in an open field, and Baral’s winged customers are always on the lookout for a rickshaw laden with their meal. “When ever they see the rickshaw, they converge on the field where we put those carcasses,” the ornithologist says. “Around 100 vultures of several species have visited our restaurant in Kawasoti,” he says. Old customBaral’s fellow ornithologist, Rajendra Narshing Suwal, likens the restaurant to the old Nepali Hindu practice of leaving old and dying cows in the gaucharan (traditional pasture lands). “As cow worshippers, Hindus were not allowed to kill the animals. So, they used to leave old and dying cows in gaucharan to die peacefully. The practice used to be good for the vultures.”This tradition is on the wane today. “The tradition of keeping a large number of cows for religious purposes is vanishing,” says environmentalist Mukesh Kumar Chalise. “People in Nepal’s terai region today sell old and dying cows to Indian traders, who smuggle it to neighbouring West Bengal. This creates a food shortage for vultures,” Baral agrees. “We can keep 80 cows in our farm but we have not been able to find more than 21 in the recent past,” he says. Some environmentalists also doubt the sustainability of his endeavour. The ornithologist, however, exudes confidence. “We earn Rs 200 from each cowhide. We also produce compost, which is becoming popular among local people. We are planning to build a watch tower and a visitor centre, which will generate some funds to sustain our restaurant,” he says. Baral has plans for more vulture restaurants. “We will open restaurants near Bardiya National Park, Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve and in Dang district,” he says.






Vulture saviours
“Shortage of food is not killing vultures, it is diclofenac. It caused more than 95 per cent decline in vulture population during the last 15 years. This terrible situation can arise even if five out off 1,000 carcasses are contaminated with diclofenac,” says ornithologist Hem Sagar Baral. Apart from running a vulture restaurant, Bird Conservation Nepal (BCN) is also campaigning to remove the drug from the market. Nepal has, of course, banned the import and production of diclofenac. But, according to Baral, the sale of the drug has not stopped. A BCN survey found that the drug was easily available in Chitwan, Nawalparasi, Rupandehi, Dang, Banke, Bardia, Kailali and Kanchanpur districts. “Enforcement has remained weak,” says Baral. BCN researchers also found that two pharmaceutical companies—CTL Private Limited and Nepal Pharmaceuticals Limited—were manufacturing diclofenac under different brand names. They also found that large amounts of diclofenac-related drugs are smuggled to Nepal from India.

Timely intervention

While Nepal’s major political parties are trying to negotiate with the Maoist rebels in New Delhi for a common minimum programme and overthrow the government of king Gyanendra, in Nepal, the community forest right activists are trying to convince the democratic leaders to include community rights in the negotiation. The Federation of Community Forest Users’ Groups, Nepal (fecofun) — the largest civil society group of the country — has been trying to initiate negotiation between the Maoists and the political parties of the country through its pro-democracy movement.

“In the past two years, under the king’s rule, the armed forces and the local administrators have repeatedly violated people’s rights.

Their right over forest, water and other natural resources can only be ensured in a democratic system,” says Ghanshyam Pandey, coordinator of the advocacy unit, fecofun. “And it’s the right time to convince the political parties that democracy’s roots lie in communities,” Pandey adds. While the government’s autocratic rule is suffocating the community forest users by violating their community rights and charging extra revenue from them, the Maoist people’s government is doing no good either. “They want us to pay them 30 per cent of our total revenue generation from the community forests. They want to rename our forests on their martyrs and to register the community to their people’s government,” says Kamal Neupane, vice president of Kamirechour community forest users’ group. “But we don’t agree to their demands,” says Shebahadur Khadka, chairperson of Purandhara community forest users’ group of Dang Hapure. Khadke is one of the protestors in this pro-democratic movement. “Only the community decides what to do with the income from these forests; neither the Maoists nor the government have any say in it,” he says.But the government blames these groups for helping the Maoists and has even set up security camps in the community forests. “We have information that the Maoists are using the forests and the user groups’ money for their activities. Hence we have barred these people from entering the forests and have also seized their bank accounts,” says Min Bahadur Pal, the zonal administrator of mid-western zone. According to fecofun, in the mid-western zone of Nepal itself, the government has seized at least 81 bank accounts belonging to the community forests. As of now, 145 such forests are under the control of Maoists and the security forces. Frustration among millions of villagers who are now ostracised from their own forests is quite palpable. They want a guarantee over their natural resources and have carried out a series of rallies opposing the intervention of the government and the Maoists in the community forests. The rallies are a part of the pro-democracy movement initiated by fecofun . In Nepal, there are almost 15,000 community forest users’ groups with 8.5 million members — which is 35 per cent of the country’s total population. These people manage forests spread over 1.2 million hectares and the revenue generated is invested in the development of the community.




http://www.downtoearth.org.in/full6.asp?foldername=20060430&filename=news&sec_id=4&sid=6

The Maoists mean business

So does government, in a rush for profits from a medicinal herb


Did Nepali Maoist rebels make Indian Rs 3.15 crore last year from the trade in medicinal herb Yar Tsa Gumba Cordyceps sinensis in Dolpo, a mountain region in Nepal s Midwest? Yes, say local sources, quoting the figure. The government doesn t know the exact amount of profit, but it has concluded that Yar Tsa Gumba is a major source of income for the rebels. And that is why it initiated Operation Herb in Dolpo in August 2004. The government deployed a special task force a joint force of the Royal Nepal Army, armed police, Nepal Police and the intelligence bureau that helped it collect around Indian Rs 10 lakh from this region last year. Prior to this, the government s collection record was nil.Nepali Viagra According to local experts, Cordyceps sinensis is a traditional and precious dried medicinal herb. It was highly recommended by ancient Chinese medical practitioners as the most effective cure for all illness. Owing to the herb s high efficacy in curing various diseases, it is well known as an important nourishing tonic. However, as sourcing and gathering the herb is difficult, its supply often falls short of demand. In Nepal it is called wonder herb and Nepali Viagra .Yar Tsa Gumba is available in the western highlands of Nepal, and in the collection season mid August to mid October is a major source of income for local people. The normal practice in this trade is that the exporter gives an advance to the local trader, who collects the herb from locals. Earlier, the government used to tax either the local trader or the exporter; the Maoist rebels tax both. The size of this business is very big, you can not calculate it just by looking at the revenue collected by the government, says an herb exporter based in Kathmandu, requesting anonymity, It is 100 times more than the government statistics. You can sell a kilogramme kg of Yar Tsa Gumba for Indian Rs 1 lakh to an Indian trader; 1 kg contains only 300 to 500 pieces, and that is why it is easy to smuggle. And, you have to give the local collector nothing but just Indian Rs 20 to Rs 30. It s good profit; that is why the Maoists are after this business, he told Down To Earth. Going legal A trader from Dolpo has paid money to the government for this year the collection season s just begun. It is the first time he s taking the legal route. He told Down To Earth that he was encouraged to go through the legal route because the government is ready to provide free transportation a free ride by helicopter, the only means of modern transportation available in the region. So is Operation Herb also on this year? When asked, the Royal Nepal Army refused to comment.According to a source in Nepal s ministry for forest and soil conservation, the government has reduced the royalty it used to levy on exporters based in the Dolpo region from Nepali Rs 20,000 to Rs 10, 000 Indian Rs 12,382 to Rs 6,191 per kg of Yar Tsa Gumba to promote legal business in the herb. The source says that after consulting the local administration and traders, the government is planning to reduce it to Nepali Rs 5,000 Indian Rs 3,095 within a year, to further encourage local traders to do the business legally. But, as the source says, The main aim of this policy is to reduce the income of the Maoists. Double pressure Now we have pressure from two sides, government and the rebels; both want us to pay them, says another trader in border town Nepalgunj, a major transit point for the herb trade route into India herbs on this route reach Lucknow . The Tibetan traders used to provide us the advance amount, but now the situation is changed. They insist on paying after they have received the herb. Because of the security problem, they want us to cross the Nepali border into India or China and provide them the herb; it is now hard to do this business. In India, Tibetan traders operate out of Uttaranchal and Himachal Pradesh. In these states, too, Yar Tsa Gumba is collected every year; such is the rush here that experts fear the herb might be harvested to extinction see Yar Tsa Gumba , Down To Earth, October 15, 2003 .In Tinker, a small village on the India, Tibet and Nepal border, a Maoist commander named Ramesh told this reporter that they helped smugglers cross the border into Tibet and got Indian Rs 25, 000 per kg of Yar Tsa Gumba. In three months we helped to smuggle 30 kg from this point to Tibet, he said.

Steep crisis

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation unesco has been asked to include Nepal s Sagarmatha Everest National Park snp , along with two other natural sites in Belize and Peru, in its Endangered World Heritage list due to the effect of global warming on them. Temba Tsheri Sherpa, the youngest person to climb Mount Everest, and Pemba Dorjee Sherpa, Everest s fastest climber, traveled to unesco s headquarter in Paris with a bulk of melting ice, 1 metre m x 1.5 m in size, to submit the request regarding the snp . That was the symbol of the snow melting in our mountains, says Ram Charitra Sah, a scientist working with Pro Public, the main petitioner. Pro Public is a public interest forum. The other two petitions were submitted to the unesco World Heritage Committee by the Belize Institute of Environmental Law and Policy and Foro Ecologico del Peru to protect the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System and the Huascaran National Park in the Peruvian Andes, respectively. This is the first time the committee has been asked to include sites in the endangered list because of climate change. The petitions also call for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The snp petition demands the safety of locals, early warning systems for glacial lake outburst floods glof and the creation of a glof disaster fund.
Down to Earth 14/01/2005

Magsaysay awardee on eye care for poor in Nepal



Sanduk Ruit is the third Nepali to receive the Magsaysay award. He was recognised for his outstanding work at “placing Nepal in the forefront of developing safe, effective and economic procedures for cataract surgery, enabling the needlessly blind in even the poorest countries to see again”. He speaks to Rajesh Ghimire


Congratulations for the Magsaysay award. How do you feel?

I am delighted and feel great to be honoured with such a prestigious award.

What led you to research on cataract?

I finished my post-graduation in ophthalmology from the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (aiims), New Delhi, in 1984. Cataract was a major cause of blindness in this part of the world, then. It required surgery, which was very often done without microscopic aids. This created a lot of complication, most patients developed long-sightedness and they had to move about with thick glasses. But I found that many cataract patients in Nepal had given up on these visual aids. Most found it difficult to coordinate their movements with these aids, many could not tolerate the magnifications offered by the lenses. So, we were virtually leaving the patients functionally blind, after surgery. That’s when I decided to work on micro-surgical procedure of cataract surgery with intra-ocular lenses.

What were the main problems you faced?
If you are inserting something in your eye it has to be of extremely good quality. But an intra-ocular lens of extremely good quality used to cost around us $100 when we started our work. Most people in this region could not afford that much.The second challenge was to reduce costs of modern cataract surgery without compromising quality. The third was to find out more low-cost but good quality equipment.

What exactly is the intra-ocular lens technology?

Intra-ocular lenses are small plastic lenses that are fitted into the eyes after the cataract is removed by a minor surgery. This operation is suture-less, cheap and most importantly, very safe.

How and why did you start Tilganga Eye Care Center?

We needed to have in place an organisation that had some flexibility in management. We also wanted to avoid bureaucratic hurdles characteristic of government institutes. That was the real motivation behind starting Tilganga Eye Care Center in Kathmandu. Here we have modern training facilities, and also develop low-cost and high -quality techniques. We have addressed the requirement of producing very high quality intra-ocular lenses at very low costs. The lenses that once cost around us $100 are now available at just us $4. This massive price reduction has made modern cataract treatment affordable to poor communities. Moreover, we have also started conducting research on basic equipment. Among the instruments that have been developed here is a surgical microscope. This normally cost about us $30,000. But we researched on this surgical aid and made available our studies to manufacturers. Our research bought the cost of some of portable microscopes down to around us $ 4,000-5,000.

But did you manage to avoid bureaucratic hurdles completely?
If you try to start a new venture, you are very likely to disturb those established in that trade. And, some may even try to vandalise your establishment. That’s precisely what happened to Tilganga Eye Care Centre.

Is your venture commercially viable?
We export intra-ocular lenses and that is one indicator that we are commercially viable. But more importantly we are trendsetters. Tilganga Eye Care Centre is iso 9000, certified. We produce the lenses at a minimum price. So there is no room for profit. But, our main aim is to develop newer technologies and offer them to poor communities.

How do you manage human resources?
On the hospital side we have a core group of surgeons who share the Centre’s vision. We are very particular about recruiting people; we never ever pay heed to bureaucratic, political and any other pressures. This is a major cause of our success and productivity.Development of intra-ocular lens requires lot of effort because it is a totally new concept and technology. So with the friends from the Fred Hollows Foundation in Australia, we did some initial work on the older version of intra-ocular lens. But that did not work out properly. We were undeterred, however. The same team went on to develop the new technology. It took us nearly two years: 1994 to 1996. After that we worked on building a team of Nepali scientists and that team is working smoothly, today. We also train other doctors from Nepal and abroad; Tilganga Eye Care Cente has already trained hundreds of doctors from various countries including Bangladesh and Tibet.

How did you manage financial resources?

The intra-ocular lens gave us the turnkey for financial support from the Fred Hollows Foundation. And for the centre, the Pashupati Development Trust, Kathmandu, donated the land; for the building we got donations from lots of organisations and local people. Another small community programme in Australia, the Nepal Eye Programme, provided the running cost for a year. Now we do not get any financial support for our institute: it’s self-sustaining.

Has the business community shown any interest in your work ?

Yes, they have shown tremendous interest and we have been very often lured by financial organisations. For example when we were in China, we knew that we were watched by a prominent Chinese millionaire based in Singapore. When we returned from the camp, he visited our centre three times. His idea was to take the team from our centre to a Chinese province and open centres where patients would be charged. We were offered money. We can understand business interests; they see lots of money in what we are doing. But our idea is different. We want to work with local technological partners and doctors, train them, get some international resources, provide our partners equipment and ensure that they can carry on locally.


What differences have you seen in the health-care systems of the countries you have worked in?

In countries like North Korea and Bhutan, which have very ‘very strong’ government, the idea of public heath-care system is people-centric. Health care is free here. Very often when you make the health-care system free, it lacks competition and there are chances that the quality might come down. In my view, an effective pricing system works in the long run and is also effective, even in the poorer regions of the world. It does need some subsidy though. If we want to give quality health to the poor in our region, we should have strong paramedical forces and the health-care system should have autonomy. Financial autonomy is critical. If health-care institutes get such autonomy, they will generate income and will distribute it well. Our health care system needs quality and that is the most important thing.

But the problem with governments of this region is they do not want to give autonomy and the doctors do not want to go to the remote areas. So?
I think governments have to understand very clearly that they cannot force the doctors to work in remote parts of the country. If you force them they will not work well. Such measures have to be implemented in other ways: that means creating congenial situations for doctors to work in remote areas. Is that possible? I have a plan; I will start working on that after two years. The plan is to begin work in a remote district of Nepal and make it a model. This will enable us to have communities and the media on our side. That is the best way to pressure the government. Unless you show them that things are working well, the government is not likely to give you any autonomy.

You were educated in India; did you get any reaction from your Indian friends after receiving the Magsaysay award?
Yes. A few friends from King George Medical College, Lucknow, and aiims, N ew Delhi, sent me long, congratulatory e-mails after I received the Magsaysay Award.






Purity check

In the wake of strong protests by the civil society and media regarding fuel adulteration, the Nepal Oil Corporation noc , Nepal s only petro product distributing agency, has agreed to get the quality of its products examined by a foreign body. The decision came in the last week of February. According to Pradip Raj Upadhaya, research and development chief, noc, an Indian agency could be entrusted with the inspection work.Vehicular pollution on the busy roads of Nepal s capital, Kathmandu, is three times higher than the national standard. This despite the national norm for pm10 suspended particulate matter being 120 microgrammes per cubic metre, as compared to the us 50 microgrammes per cubic metre, says Bhusan Tuladhar, executive director of Clean Energy Nepal, a non profit organisation promoting sustainable energy use and environmental conservation.Earlier, a team of Nepal s ministry of industry, commerce and supplies had reported 47 per cent kerosene adulteration in the petrol sold at noc s Pokhara depot. But the noc did not take any action in this regard. The noc was established in 1973 and is an independent body. Toran Sharma of Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services ness , who prepared a report on vehicular fuel quality for the government, feels that the corporation should be put under a central government authority. Along with the noc, gas stations have also been charged with adulterating petrol. Both are in the same category, asserts Sharma. The government did try to rein in gas stations by stopping the sale of kerosene at these outlets. But a four day strike by gas stations across the country in the last week of February forced it to enter into negotiations with petroleum dealers. For their part, gas station owners claim that the noc is the main culprit.
Down to Earth Date : 30-03-04

Privatising parks

On New Year s Day 2006, King Gyanendra of Nepal quietly issued an ordinance that many environmentalists fear could prove a major setback to this Himalayan kingdom s efforts over the last decade to restore people s rights over their natural resources.Made public last month, the ordinance is ostensibly aimed at amending the National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973, to allow for private management of Nepal s national parks and conservation areas. But a clause in the amendment that stipulates only organisations devoted to nature conservation and registered in Nepal can bid for contracts, narrows the number of outfits that can apply to just one the King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation kmtnc . Civil society groups in Nepal that have largely kept mum about the development, privately call the ordinance the Regent s New Year gift to his son. King Gyanendra is the trust s patron and Crown Prince Paras, its chairman. kmtnc is already managing the Manaslu and Annapurna conservation areas and has shown interest in taking over management of the Rara and Shivapuri national parks. Now there s speculation that the government might hand over resource rich national parks like Chitawan and Sagarmata to the trust too. It is clear that kmtnc wants to manage national parks that make a profit, says a local conservation expert.The ordinance also seems to restrict people s participation in the management of protected areas. This is against the public trust doctrine, says community forest rights activist Dil Raj Khanal. The state had acquired private land to protect biodiversity. They have displaced thousands of people in the name of conservation. Now the government wants to hand over the land to a private organisation. Is this justice? Khanal said of the new law that could change Nepal s image as a country that s pro people conservation.National parks and wildlife reserves in Nepal occupy about 19 per cent of the country s area the world average is 6 per cent . In the 1990s, Nepal s democratic government put in place legislations that helped give people rights over their local resources. The country s 1993 Forest Act, led to the growth of community forest management in the country, and is seen as one of the most progressive resource management regulations in the world. The Act made it mandatory that 30 to 50 per cent of the income of conservation areas be spent on development of communities living within the buffer zone.This new fifth amendment, however, doesn t specify whether the private managers will have to share their profits with local communities. The law is not clear on that provision, this means the new managers will be able to bypass the provision, says Ravi Sharma Arlyal, a wildlife law expert. The amendment has scrapped an earlier provision wherein local communities were consulted and they coordinated in welfare projects before implementation.The council of ministers, of which the King is chair, passed the ordinance without any consultations or public discussions. The amendment was apparently made in line with the government s 2003 policy to privatise the management of national parks and wildlife reserves. The same year, the ministry of forest and soil conservation issued a letter of intent to study the feasibility of handing over management to private organisations. But the earlier policy, put in place without consulting all the stakeholders, gave equal access to all ngos devoted to nature conservation.Government officials say handing over the national parks management to private organisations will make operations efficient and economical by cutting back on employees. The government will have the responsibility of monitoring only the private organisations work in managing these protected areas. However, the amendment doesn t clarify who will provide security to the parks and conservation areas. Currently, the Nepalese Army does the job, which, the local media claims uses 80 per cent of the national budget.On one hand, the fifth amendment to the Act will help the National Parks management become more transparent and on the other, private organisations may not be able to control poaching and illegal trade of wildlife parts, says Arlyal. The department of national parks and wildlife conservation presently works with a network of nine national parks, three wildlife reserves, three conservation areas, one hunting reserve including nine buffer zones around national parks.
Published in Down To Earth
30/03/2006

New entrant

The doors of the World Trade Organization wto have been thrown open for Nepal. But not before the country staved off immense pressure from the North to join the International Union for Protection of New Varieties of Plants upov . The upov is a global agreement that essentially protects the rights of multinational companies. Nepal now awaits formal approval for its entry into wto at the upcoming ministerial conference in Cancun, Mexico.We are confident that the wto membership will enhance our capability to be more competitive in trade through policy and legislative reforms, stated Dinesh Pyakural, secretary of Nepal s ministry of industry, commerce and supplies moics and the country s chief negotiator. He was speaking after the adoption of the accession package on August 15, 2003. Pyakural added that in the process of bilateral negotiations Nepal has bound the tariff rate at around 42 per cent in agricultural products and about 24 per cent in other goods. It has made pledges regarding 70 service sub sectors, but without making unconditional commitments. It will open 37 professional services with conditions on equity participation and inclusion of more than 15 per cent local employees.The most controversial aspect, however, was the attempt to force upov down Nepal s throat, pointed out Prachanda Man Shrestha, joint secretary, moics. Earlier in August, local non governmental organisations ngos working on the issues of food security and farmers rights had urged Nepal s negotiating team not to ink upov.Nepal, along with Cambodia which is also joining the forum, will be the first least developed country ldc to hop on to the wto bandwagon. But it can only become a member 30 days after it has ratified the joining agreement in its parliament. This could prove to be a problem in view of the political uncertainty prevailing in the country.
Published in Down To Earth 29/09/2003

Nepal`s rhinos pay a price for political instability

Blame it all on the negative impact of political instability in Nepal. This seems to be the ready excuse for any untoward incident in the country, even if it is related to wildlife. In the last week of July, the Chitawan National Park authorities found three rhinos dead in adjoining community forests. The 250 million Nepali rupees rhino translocation project of the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation dnpwc has also been stalled and the reason is political instability . According to park authorities in Chitawan, poachers have killed three rhinos and injured one in a week. Two female rhinos were killed in Chitawan and a male rhino was killed in Nawalparasi. The poachers managed to take away the horn of one rhino. The Chitawan National Park and the Chitawan district forest office managed to rescue the male rhino that had sustained bullet injuries.In the first preliminary report on the sweeping operation conducted by park authorities, it has been found that 69 rhinos have vanished from the Babai valley of the Bardia National Park in western Nepal. According to the report, 72 rhinos were translocated from the Chitawan National Park and released in the valley between 1986 and 2003. The report says: Given the probable growth rate over a period of 17 years, there should have been more than 100 rhinos in the area. During a sweeping operation in 2003, only three rhinos were found in the valley. Most of the rhino habitat appears undisturbed by rhino presence, which also indicates that rhinos are not using the habitat anymore. A field officer at the Bardiya National Park said that even before maoist insurgency, the problem of security was prevalent. We had to stop the translocation process because the security situation had become unmanageable, he said. But both dnpwc officials and the sweeping operation report blame insurgency. The report reads: Due to insurgency in the country, the Babai valley has been adversely affected and no anti poaching operation has been carried out since 2004.
Published in Down To Earth 30/08/2006

Nepal squeezes forest users

the community forest user groups cfugs of Nepal will now be required to cough up a steep 40 per cent fee on their total income from sale of forest products. The Nepal government brought in the levy through an ordinance promulgated on July 18.It goes against the grain of a March 28 Supreme Court order that had quashed the government s decision to slap a similar tax on the cfugs of the Terai Churiya range. The drastic measure also runs contrary to the tone of the country s recently unveiled budget, which talks about providing financial assistance to the communities to start forest product based industries.The cfugs are understandably distressed. This is ridiculous, exclaims Dilraj Khanal, legal adviser of the Federation of Community Forest Users, Nepal fecofun , an umbrella organisation of cfugs. We are left with only two options: launching a ruthless campaign, or challenging the provision in the court of law, points out Khanal.The origin of the controversy can be traced back to May 2000, when the government imposed a stiff charge on the incomes of the Terai Churiya communities belonging to the plains and foothills . fecofun had then moved the Supreme Court. The apex court ruled in the cfugs favour, observing that the decision contravened the provisions of the Forest Act 1993 and Forest Regulations. It also noted that no tax could be introduced without a legal provision. Consequently not only have the authorities imposed the 40 per cent forest product fee , they have done it through Finance Ordinance 2060 to give the move an air of legitimacy.The Director General of the Department of Forest, Jamuna Krishna Tamrakar, justifies the levy. The cfugs are under the impression that the entire income from forest products is right fully theirs, but this is not correct. The land belongs to the state and each and every citizen of Nepal, asserts Tamrakar. fecofun chairperson Bhim Parsad Shrestha feels that the levy is too stiff and that it should not cover total sales. Tamrakar is of the view that if the community members do have a genuine problem, the provision can be reviewed.Waxing eloquent on the government s decision, Krisna Chandra Paudel, joint secretary, environmental division, ministry of forest, says its objective is to ensure that the benefits of forests percolate down to every citizen of Nepal. Tamrakar adds: The money collected would be utilised for reforestation. Mohanman Saiju, former vice chairperson of the National Planning Commission, however, opines that the step is fundamentally wrong. The local people will no longer be interested in protecting forests, warns Arjun Dhakal of the Nepal Forum of Environmental Journalists, a non governmental organisation. It is noteworthy that more than 1.3 million households, organised into upwards of 12,560 cfugs, carry out conservation activities on about 1 million hectares of forestland in Nepal. The cfugs invest the income from community forests in running local schools and healthcare centres, and renovating irrigation canals.
Published in Down To Earth 30/08/2003

Nepal king to pay taxes

Parliament in Nepal is now determined to find out how much property King Gyanendra owns. The government is already preparing a huge tax bill for the king and his family. We are collecting details of the land and property owned by the king and members of his family and if it exceeds the ceiling, it will be seized, said land reform and management minister Prabhu Narayan Chaudhari.According to the Nepal Land Reforms Act, citizens are allowed to own up to seven hectares ha . The government submitted a report that said the royal family owned at least 1,700 ha across the country. While the bulk of it is in Gyanendra s name, there is also a substantial amount of land in the name of his close relatives. This is only a preliminary estimate, Chaudhari told parliamentarians. We think the king and his family members own much more land than this. We are collecting details. The excess land will be distributed among the landless."Officials said the government was also looking for details of land and property owned by former King Birendra and nine other royals killed in the 2001 palace massacre. Chaudhari had earlier said that the government was planning to draft a new law limiting all royal holdings. The Parliamentary Natural Resources Committee on August 13 directed the ministry of land reforms and management to freeze any bid to make transactions of lands occupied by the king and other royals, so that action can be initiated to nationalise land. The committee also directed the ministry not to let government authorities clear any transactions in case members of the royal family tried to transfer land ownership.
Published in Down To Earth 14/09/2006

Illusive relief

In the wake of strong protests by community forest user groups cfugs and conservationists, the Nepal government has reduced the controversial forest product fee a tax on the sale of forest products introduced last year from 40 per cent to 10 per cent. The catch is that products made from sal Shovea roburta and catechu Acacia catachu , which account for the bulk of the sales, have been kept out of the purview of the tax relief. As a result, forest dwellers and activists are up in arms again.The authorities are enacting a farce. The decision to reduce the tax will not benefit community members because only sal and catechu have market value, asserts Apsara Chapagai, vice president of the Federation of Community Forest Users, Nepal, an umbrella organisation of cfugs. We will not accept this decision, she declares, adding that the local people are in an aggressive mood.Why then was the rollback resorted to? Experts believe this was done to stave off the immense pressure being applied by international donors. On July 18, 2003, the Nepal government had slapped the 40 per cent forest product fee on cfugs see: Tax burden , August 31, 2003 .

Published in Down To Earth 4/02/2004




Tax burden
Nepal squeezes forest users

the community forest user groups (cfugs) of Nepal will now be required to cough up a steep 40 per cent fee on their total income from sale of forest products. The Nepal government brought in the levy through an ordinance promulgated on July 18.It goes against the grain of a March 28 Supreme Court order that had quashed the government’s decision to slap a similar tax on the cfugs of the Terai-Churiya range. The drastic measure also runs contrary to the tone of the country’s recently unveiled budget, which talks about providing financial assistance to the communities to start forest product-based industries.The cfugs are understandably distressed.
“This is ridiculous,” exclaims Dilraj Khanal, legal adviser of the Federation of Community Forest Users, Nepal (fecofun), an umbrella organisation of cfugs. “We are left with only two options: launching a ruthless campaign, or challenging the provision in the court of law,” points out Khanal.The origin of the controversy can be traced back to May 2000, when the government imposed a stiff charge on the incomes of the Terai-Churiya communities (belonging to the plains and foothills). fecofun had then moved the Supreme Court. The apex court ruled in the cfugs’ favour, observing that the decision contravened the provisions of the Forest Act 1993 and Forest Regulations. It also noted that no tax could be introduced without a legal provision. Consequently not only have the authorities imposed the 40 per cent ‘forest product fee’, they have done it through Finance Ordinance 2060 to give the move an air of legitimacy.The Director General of the Department of Forest, Jamuna Krishna Tamrakar, justifies the levy. “The cfugs are under the impression that the entire income from forest products is rightfully theirs, but this is not correct. The land belongs to the state and each and every citizen of Nepal,” asserts Tamrakar. fecofun chairperson Bhim Parsad Shrestha feels that the levy is too stiff and that it should not cover total sales. Tamrakar is of the view that if the community members do have a genuine problem, the provision can be reviewed.Waxing eloquent on the government’s decision, Krisna Chandra Paudel, joint secretary, environmental division, ministry of forest, says its objective is to ensure that the benefits of forests percolate down to every citizen of Nepal. Tamrakar adds: “The money collected would be utilised for reforestation.”Mohanman Saiju, former vice-chairperson of the National Planning Commission, however, opines that the step is fundamentally wrong. “The local people will no longer be interested in protecting forests,” warns Arjun Dhakal of the Nepal Forum of Environmental Journalists, a non-governmental organisation. It is noteworthy that more than 1.3 million households, organised into upwards of 12,560 cfugs, carry out conservation activities on about 1 million hectares of forestland in Nepal. The cfugs invest the income from community forests in running local schools and healthcare centres, and renovating irrigation canals.
http://www.downtoearth.org.in/full6.asp?foldername=20030831&filename=news&sec_id=4&sid=34

Wednesday, June 18, 2008

Harnessing fauna


India may have dragged its feet on the subject for decades, but Nepal has gone ahead and done it: made wildlife farming legal. Licence can now be procured in the country for farming, breeding and research of high value wildlife species under the government s new Wildlife Farming, Reproduction and Research Policy 2060 2003 . Notwithstanding criticism from some quarters, the move has been largely welcomed both within the country and outside it.Under the new policy, the Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation dnpwc , which comes under Nepal s Union ministry of forests and soil conservation, is providing seed animals for farming and breeding. The permission fee ranges from 5,000 to 40,000 Nepali rupees us $69 $555 per animal depending on the species see table at the bottom: Price list .The government has already granted licences for farming and research of rhesus monkeys, snakes and vultures see: `Animal farm`, Down To Earth, June 30, 2004 . The protected species that are permitted for farming under the new policy include the gharial crocodile and Nepal s national bird Impeyan pheasant. Among the other species on the list for which wildlife farming permits can be obtained are the barking deer and all bird species.The policy has been formulated keeping the directives of the country s tenth five year plan 2001 2006 in mind, which asks for improvement in the livelihoods of women, the poor and disadvantaged groups by conserving biological diversity through farming of high value wildlife. The plan also envisages promoting the involvement of individuals, groups, non governmental organisations and institutions in wildlife farming, reproduction and research.While the government has already begun giving licences on the basis of the policy, amendments are also being drafted to the existing wildlife protection laws of Nepal. Based on that plan, the Union ministry of forests and soil conservation is drafting the amendments, reveals Surya Bahadur Pandey, assistant management officer, dnpwc.But some confusion has cropped up among the officials about the policy. The purpose of the policy is only to farm, breed and conduct research. Commercial use of wildlife has not been allowed, notes Pandey, who looks after the implementation of the policy. In the same breath, he adds: We are in favour of the sustainable use of wildlife, apart from endangered species. Sources in the country s ministry disclose that even while the ministry was in the process of finalising the amendment bill allowing commercial use of certain wildlife animals, the government suddenly announced the policy. Some of its aspects have come in for criticism. It is alleged that the rhesus macaques will be used to conduct biomedical research funded by us based sponsors, who find it hard to avoid the animal rights bodies vigil and strict laws governing research in their own country.Sources told Down To Earth that there was indeed some pressure from the Western scientific community. Pandey concurs: The scientific community was pushing the government to announce the policy. Otherwise it could have been unveiled along with the amendment bill, which also allows commercial use of certain species of wild animals. But Mukesh K Chalise of the International Primatology Society, a research body, is optimistic: The farming policy will ultimately help conservation. Randall Kyes, head of International Programs in the Regional Primate Research Center at the University of Washington, who is planning to collaborate with Nepali experts in research on monkeys, reportedly said: This is a good initiative for biomedical research, and any genetic discoveries or findings can be claimed by Nepal. Pandey observes: We are still working on the proper legal framework. The dnpwc will monitor the farmers and animals every six months. The policy, which aims to promote private sector participation, has predetermined criteria for basic infrastructure, management and expertise that the applicants for licences must satisfy before obtaining clearance. Pandey says: We will change the law for the commercial use of some wild animals for the benefit of the poor. This policy is just the beginning.
Price listAnimals that figure in Nepal’s new policy
Protected animals One timeroyaltyin US $
Gharial crocodile Gavialis gangeticus 548

Black buck Antilope cervicapra 343

Impeyan pheasant Lophophorus impejenus 68
Crimson horned pheasant Tragopan satyra 68
Cheer pheasant Catreus wallichii 68
Common animals
Barking deer Muntiacus muntjak 205
Spotted deer Axix axix 205
Sambar deer Cervus unicolor 274
Rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta 343
Hog deer Axis porcinus 205
Wild boar Sus scrofa 137
All kinds of snakes 68
All other kinds of birds 68


Published in Down To Earth 14/07/2004

http://csestore.cse.org.in/full6.asp?foldername=20040715&filename=news&sec_id=4&sid=35

Flow row

Nepal s multimillion dollar project for supplying drinking water to the parched Kathmandu valley has left residents of Melamchi valley fuming. The reason: water will be diverted from the latter region to benefit the former.Activists of the Melamchi Local Concern Group mlcg have locked horns with the Melamchi Water Supply Project mwsp officials. The mlcg members are demanding better water rights and compensation.mwsp is an inter basin project that would supply water from the snow fed Melamchi river in the Kosi basin in Sindupalchowk district. It lies to the northeast of Kathmandu valley, which is located in the Bagmati basin. The plan stipulates that 170 million litres per day mld of water be diverted from Melamchi river through a 26 kilometre km long tunnel.The project is expected to ensure 24 hour water supply to 1.5 million inhabitants of Kathmandu valley. The area has an estimated water demand of 189 mld. While the supply hovers around 132 mld in the rainy season, it plummets to 93 mld during summers.The project will provide 400 litres of water per second to people living downstream, says Madan Sankar Shrestha, deputy executive director of mwsp. Officials claim that this would be sufficient to fulfil the requirements of farmers in the Melamchi valley. Dronaraj Ghimire, an environmental engineer affiliated with the Nepal Forum of Environmental Journalists, says that although the supply will meet the current demand in the region, no future irrigation projects will be possible.However, Ram Bahadur Khadka, a local activist and spokesperson of mlcg, is not convinced. Unless the quantity of water is increased, 75 families will be displaced from Melamchi valley, he contends. The project also poses a threat to the forests in the region. Local people allege that the Royal Nepal Army, mobilised for the security of the project, cleared forestland in the hills of Melamchi valley.
Published in Down To Earth 30-07-03

Caught in the crossfire: Environment bears the brunt of Nepal’s armed conflict


The Bankariyas, a forest-dweller community of central Nepal, have been uprooted from their traditional habitat and are living like refugees in their own country. Several other indigenous groups have suffered the same fate. The eight-year-old war between the Royal Nepal Army (rna) and Maoist rebels that has ravaged the country’s environment is responsible for their plight.Several thousand people have been killed in the incessant fighting which began in February 1996. Things took a turn for the worse in 2002, when Nepal’s King Gyanendra dismissed the elected government.


He has installed two successive governments since then.


King Gyanendra took over the reins of power after a palace massacre in 2001 that saw Nepal’s then crown prince gun down a dozen people, including King Birendra, before killing himself. This was followed by one year of emergency rule. Maoist insurgents then stepped up their violent campaign to replace the monarchy with a communist republic. Today, with both sides locked in a no-holds-barred battle, the country’s local communities are scurrying for cover. Driven out The Bankariyas, for instance, were heavily dependent on herbs and other non-timber forest produce (ntfp) to eke out an existence. They now toil as ag

riculture labourers in nearby villages, their knowledge of sustainable use of natural resources going to waste. “We have nothing, we cannot enter the forest. No forest means no work, and that means lost dignity,” laments 74-year-old Jetha Bankariya.According to Rajendranath, a journalist working in the Maoist area in western Nepal: “Nobody has accurate data pertaining to the mass migration (of indigenous people). The male members of households in villages, too, have fled in fear of the insurgents. This has added to the workload of women. Farming has been hampered as well.”Madhusudan Guragai, who is also a scribe, concurs and points out: “The farmers are no longer getting vegetable seeds from western Nepal. Instead, they are having to use seeds provided by foreign companies.” Guragai works in Kavrepalanchok district, which is famous for its vegetable production. “Things have come to such a pass because domestic seed producers have either been captured by the government’s security forces or have left the country due to the Maoist threat,” he explains. Ceded territory Another fallout from the ongoing armed conflict is the blow it has dealt to the country’s conservation effort. The field staff of most of the national parks and protected areas of Nepal’s hills have shifted to the headquarters. In doing so, they have let Maoists, poachers and loggers have a run of the place.Bhoj Raj Bhat, an environmental journalist who recently visited the Makalu-Barun National Park in the eastern part of the country, says that there is no one to check the smuggling of medicinal herbs and other wildlife products to Tibet. “In the absence of any government representative, the local people are too afraid to question such nefarious activities,” he points out.It is noteworthy that rna, which assists Nepal’s department of national parks and conservation areas (dnpwc) in preserving forest tracts, has drastically reduced its presence in such belts. A dnpwc source told Down To Earth that the army’s guard posts have come down from 120 to 32 in 11 national parks and wildlife reserves.While forest guards were armed with antiquated 12 bore guns earlier, they have been ordered to submit even these to the district police office.


Caught in the crossfire


“How can they expect us to protect the forest when we are not able to protect ourselves?” says a forest guard in Rautahat, a district bordering India. “The rebels and smugglers have sophisticated weapons and we are unarmed,” he adds.
Wreaking havoc For their part, the insurgents have capitalised on this lowering of guard. The department of forest reveals that 19 out of 74 district forest offices, 43 out of 92 ilaka (local) forest offices, 213 out of 698 range posts, two forest training centres and two guards’ stations have been destroyed by the Maoists.Yet they keep up the pretence of protecting forests. A top Maoist leader of the eastern region, Basu Shakya, has reportedly said that the rebels are not averse to the idea of pro-people conservation. “But steps such as the creation of national parks violate the people’s fundamental rights. They are just ways devised by the old regime to exploit natural resources and we are against them. Conservation of biodiversity and protection of people’s rights have to go hand in hand,” he asserts.Shakya disclosed that the insurgents have allowed the people to kill wild animals which destroy crops. “They have to submit the skins and bones to the (Maoist) party and they can use the meat,” he revealed. He, however, refused to divulge what the rebels do with the wildlife products collected by them. Bruised and battered A study conducted jointly by the Nepal Forum of Environmental Journalists and the World Conservation Union (iucn) in three pilot districts has found that the country’s natural environment is a major casualty of the fighting. The report further notes that community forest management has been hit hard. “Community members are not able to enter their own forest…. In some areas, Maoists have captured forests and impose their own rules (on) the community. They have even (slapped) taxes on… ntfp and (other forest products),” states the document. It indicates that the insurgents are collecting levy from timber smugglers in the Terai region and medicinal herb smugglers in the trans-Himalayan region.


Deepak Thapa, who has authored a book on the Maoist problem, feels that the authorities have not really taken notice of the impact of insurgency on the environment. “The government has merely been highlighting the socio-economic repercussions. We need a systematic and scientific study in this regard,” says Thapa, adding: “But we have to accept the fact that the environmental injustice done by the government in the past has helped the Maoists to spread rapidly in most of the hilly districts.”Bhairab Risal, an expert on environmental matters, looks at the flipside of the conflict. He is of the view that since lesser people frequent forests now, the tracts are being conserved in a natural way. “We will have to wait for some years to know the results,” says Risal.But a source in the Nepal’s ministry of population and environment (mope) is sceptical: “The government does not want to accept defeat on every front. Therefore, it is refusing to acknowledge the fact that we are losing the battle in the field of environmental conservation.” Not surprisingly, mope spokesperson Dipendra Thapa is evasive. “This is a very sensitive issue and the ministry cannot comment on it without scientific evidence. We strongly feel that there should be a study on this subject, but who will conduct it?” says Thapa. With the authorities themselves groping for answers, Nepal appears unlikely to be out of the woods in the near future.


Bone of contention Nepal`s water bill

On January 31, 2007, the Nepal government got temporary reprieve in a long standing controversy over the Kathmandu water supply bill. Its ministry of physical planning and works signed an agreement with the protesting Sanyukta Sangharsh Samiti, a union of employees of the Nepal Water Supply Corporation, the government water supply utility, to break the impasse over the bill. The Nepal government has agreed to bring in changes in the Nepal Water Supply Corporation Third Amendment Bill. The workers union had been protesting for a month and a half against the bill passed by the House of Representatives on January 4, 2007. Ever since the bill was tabled in parliament, the union had stopped water supply to major government buildings and recently, also to the prime minister s residence, the royal palace and ministers quarters. Prime minister Girija Prasad Koirala had to intervene and direct the physical planning ministry to sort out the matter.The agreement The important clause in the agreement is the government s promise to amend the bill keeping in mind the interests of consumers. The agreement states that the management switchover to a private company would not result in employee retrenchment and their employment status would remain same. Besides, employees can only be asked to leave through a voluntary retirement scheme. The agreement also said that the employees working on contract basis and as daily wage labourers would be made permanent within 15 days.The contentious bill Activists call the bill a guise to privatise the water sector under pressure from multilateral development banks like the Asian Development Bank adb . They allege that privatisation will increase water tariff by about five times. The government has not explored other cheaper alternatives to supply water to the valley, they claim. The bill enables the government to manage Kathmandu valley s water supply system through a semi autonomous drinking water management board. The point of contention in the bill is the appointment of a private company to look after the day to day water supply in the valley. The government has awarded this contract to a controversial British company Severn Trent Water International Limited. In 2004, it was charged for fraud in Europe and in 2005, it was taken to task by the Office of Water Services, an industry regulator in the uk, for overcharging customers see Fraudulent deal , Down To Earth, April 15, 2006 .ADB calls the shots Privatisation of the water supply system was a precondition of adb for sanctioning a loan to the us$500 million Melamchi Water Supply Project of the Nepal government. It is an inter basin water supply project designed to repair the existing water supply and distribution system of the Kathmandu valley, along with the diversion of 170 mld million litres per day water from Melamchi river in the Sindupalchowk district s Kosi basin. adb is the lead financier of the project along with other agencies. Several donors had pulled out of the project in the last two years due to alleged corruption in handling the project. To look into the matter, a royal enquiry commission was set up. It found the charges valid and jailed a former prime minister. During the emergency period 2004 2005 under the king s rule, all political parties opposed the project. However, only four parliamentarians had opposed the bill when it was tabled in the parliament. Writ ignored The privatisation law is against the new constitution adopted on January 15, 2007 and the country s Comprehensive Peace Accord.We are trying to convince new as well as old parliamentarians to amend the law, says Gopal Siwakoti Chintan, co ordinator of Water and Energy Users Federation Nepal wafed , a leading advocacy group based in Kathmandu. Several consumer welfare organisations wafed, Federation of Water and Sanitation Users Nepal, Consumers Protection Forum Nepal and ngo Federation Kathmandu had filed a writ petition against the bill in the country s Supreme Court. Since a writ has been filed against the bill, enactment of the bill in parliament is invalid, argues Chintan. However, adb presses for the bill citing its loan agreement with Nepal government. We are not pressuring the government but have only reminded them of the agreement signed with us that should be implemented, said Keiichi Tamaki, senior urban development specialist of adb. The government may have made temporary peace with the protesting employees, but given the political atmosphere of the country, nobody can say for sure which way the Melamchi waters will flow in the future.
Published in Down To Earth 27/02/2007

जलवायु परिवर्तन रोक्न नेपाली कदम

राजेश घिमिरे   जलवायु परिवर्तनका कारण अहिले पृथ्वी तात्तिँदो अवस्थामा छ र त्यसैका कारण नेपालको उत्तरी भू–भागको हिउँ पग्लिरहेको छ। जलवायु ...